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British photographer, one of the most important and accomplished of the early photographers. Born in Swansea, to a wealthy family, Jones studied mathematics at Oriel College, Oxford University, took holy orders, and in 1829 became rector of Loughor. He was also a talented musician, mathematician, and marine painter and became interested in the calotype process of photography through his friend Christopher Talbot, who was a cousin of the method's inventor, William Henry Fox Talbot. Jones experimented with Talbot's photogenic drawing process and had mastered the daguerreotype when he wrote to Talbot before a trip to Venice in 1841, requesting details of his calotype process. Early attempts were not a success and he sought more tuition from Talbot. Later travels to Malta and Italy in 1845-1846 produced an impressive body of work.
Jones was also an important correspondent between the early inventors of photography, playing a crucial role in the exchange of ideas between the English and French experimenters with paper processes. He visited Hippolyte Bayard in Paris in 1842 and, in 1845, wrote a letter of introduction to Bayard for Talbot whom he furnished with a description of Bayard's direct positive process.
In 1847 Jones inherited the family estate and subsequently became one of the first members of the council of the Photographic Society of London. However, his membership lapsed and he disappeared from the photographic scene in the late 1850s.
Welsh-born South African statesman and the first director of the South African Institute of Race Relations. Jones was educated at Bangor, Wales, and then Beaumaris, moving to South Africa in 1905 where he joined the staff of the South African School of Mines and Technology in Johannesburg, later the University of Witwatersrand. He was interested in promoting the welfare of non-Europeans and became a founder member and the first director of the South African Institute of Race Relations in 1929. In 1937 he was elected to the South African Senate as Native Representative. He became the secretary of the Witwatersrand Council of Education and editor of Bantu Studies. In his later life he became a friend of the mining magnate, Sir Ernest Oppenheimer.
leading British phonetician of the first half of the 20th century. He was born in London and educated at Cambridge, where he read mathematics. He then had a legal training, but pursued his interest in language and subsequently sat the International Phonetic Association examination. He never practised law, preferring a part-time job at University College London teaching phonetics. He became head of the first British Department of Phonetics, appointed by the University of London, in 1912; was made Reader in 1914; Professor from 1921 to 1949; and Professor Emeritus from 1950 to 1967. He received two honorary doctorates, from Zurich in 1936, and Edinburgh in 1958.
A pioneer in research on non-European languages, he is mainly known as the authority on British received pronunciation, and for his work on vowel description and classification. He provided a set of reference points (the 18 cardinal vowels), allowing the plotting of any vowel sound from any language. He was a major figure in the International Phonetic Association, occupying consecutively the positions of assistant secretary, secretary, and president between the years of 1906 and 1967.
His publications include The Pronunciation of English (1909), An Outline of English Phonetics (1918), and The Phoneme: Its Nature and Use (1950).
Jones, John Paul, original name John Paul (1747-1792),
American naval officer, born on July 6, 1747, in Kirkcudbright, Scotland. At the age of 12 he went to sea for the first time, as a cabin boy, sailing to Fredericksburg, Virginia. By 1766 he was first mate of a slaver brigantine. While sailing (1769-1770) in the West Indies, he flogged a crewman who later died. John Paul was subsequently arrested but proved his innocence.
In 1773, as commander of a merchant vessel in Tobago in the West Indies, he killed the leader of a mutinous crew. Rather than wait in prison for trial, he escaped from the island and later returned to Fredericksburg. The British thereafter considered him a pirate and a fugitive from justice. To hide his identity he added the surname Jones.
In 1775, on the outbreak of the American War of Independence, Jones went to Philadelphia and entered the newly established Continental navy. He was commissioned a lieutenant and attached to the first American flagship, Alfred. In 1776 he was promoted to captain and given command of the sloop Providence. During his first cruise on the Providence he destroyed the British fisheries in Nova Scotia and captured 16 British prize ships. In 1777 he commanded the sloop Ranger, and after sailing to France, he cruised along the coast of Great Britain, destroying many British vessels, and bombarding the coastal town of Whitehaven. In April 1778 he was involved in a bizarre raiding incident in which he attempted to kidnap the 4th Earl of Selkirk (of whose family he believed himself to be an unacknowledged offspring) to exchange for American prisoners. The Earl was not at home, and Jones's subordinates eventually left with only a few items of silverware, at which their commander was so incensed that he bought the items himself and returned them to their owner.
Jones was next promoted to commodore and placed in command of a mixed fleet of five French and American vessels. His flagship was the Duras, the name of which he changed to Bonhomme Richard. On this ship, on September 23, 1779, off the British coast, Jones defeated the British man-of-war Serapis in one of the outstanding engagements of naval history. He returned to the United States in 1781 and supervised the building of the America, the largest vessel in the US Navy; he was scheduled to command the America, but it was presented to France. He last visited the United States in 1787 and was given a gold medal by Congress. He was the only naval officer so honoured.
In 1788 Jones accepted an offer by Catherine the Great of Russia to enter her navy. He took a leading part in several engagements against the Ottoman Turks, but intrigues on the part of Russian rivals prevented him from receiving proper credit for his successes. He retired and went (1790) to Paris. In 1792 he was appointed US consul to Algiers, but he died on July 18 of that year, before the commission arrived. In 1905 his remains were brought to the United States from their long-forgotten grave in Paris and in 1913 were buried in the US Naval Academy Chapel.
British psychoanalyst, a follower and friend of Sigmund Freud. Jones helped to establish psychoanalysis in Britain and North America. He wrote many papers, especially on the psychology of literary works, including a famous analysis of Hamlet in Hamlet and Oedipus (1949). In 1920 he founded the International Journal Of Psychoanalysis and he also wrote Sigmund Freud: Life and Work (3 vols, 1953-56).
Anglo-Welsh writer and artist. His major writings, combining prose and free verse, dense with allusions to Anglo-Welsh history and folklore, Arthurian legend and Christian symbolism, are In Parenthesis (1937), based on his experience of World War I, and The Anathemata (1952).
British jurist, linguist and orientalist. He was a supreme court judge in Calcutta (1783-1794) and published a Persian grammar (1771). He is noted for his observation in 1786 that the resemblances between Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, Gothic, Persian and Celtic languages might be accounted for by their common descent from an earlier language, now lost. This insight inaugurated the study of Indo-European languages.
American amateur golfer, winner of the grand slam of golf in 1930 and founder of the prestigious Masters golf tournament. Born Robert Tyre Jones in Atlanta, Georgia, he studied at the Georgia Institute of Technology and at Harvard University, where he studied law. Jones won the United States Open golf championship in 1923, 1926, 1929, and 1930; he was US national amateur champion in 1924, 1925, 1927, 1928, and 1930, and won the British Open championship in 1926, 1927, and 1930. He was the first player to win both the US and British Open championships in the same year (1926), and the only player ever to win both national amateur and open contests in both countries in the same year (1930). He retired from active competition in 1930. In 1934 he founded the Masters tournament, which is played each April at Augusta, Georgia.
English minor poet, was born in Islington and brought up as a strict Calvinist. In spite of having to work long hours as a clerk from the age of 17 he managed to complete Studies of Sensation and Event (1843), poems admired by Rosetti and Browning but neglected by the public. Jones was a follower of Shelley in poetry and of Carlyle in politics. In Land Monopoly (1849) he anticipated the proposal of Henry George to nationalize the land.
British lawyer and chartist leader, was brought up in Germany, where his father was equerry to the Duke of Cumberland, afterwards King of Hanover. Coming to England in 1838, he became a follower of Feargus O'Connor, and succeeded him in the leadership of the 'rump' of chartism after 1848. Jones was a devout admirer of Karl Marx, whose doctrines he endeavoured to use as a basis for the reconstruction of chartism. But finally he lost hope in a purely working-class revolutionary movement and, much to Marx's disgust, joined forces with the middle-class reformers in the struggle for the second Reform Act (1867).
He stood for Parliament on a number of occasions, coming near to success in Manchester in 1868.
His health was impaired by two years' imprisonment with solitary confinement under very bad conditions after the troubles of 1848.
In addition to his chartist writings, mostly in periodicals edited by himself (The Labourer, 1847-1848, Notes for the People, 1851-1852 etc.) Jones wrote many narrative poems and romances, The Wood Spirit (1841), The Revolt of Hindostan (1850) etc., as well as chartist songs including the well known Song of the Lower Classes. In his later years he practised successfully at the Manchester bar.
English dramatist, will be remembered, together with Pinero, by historians of the theatre as the founder of the 'realistic problem' drama in England and consequently as the English representative (although far off in genius) of Ibsen. Trained in the school of melodrama, he first won success with The Silver King (1882), written in collaboration with Henry Herman. His purpose however was more serious than the writing of melodramatic work and in Saints and Sinners (1884) he showed, despite its sensationalism, what that purpose was.
Thereafter his writing for the stage concentrated on social comedy (The Masqueraders, 1894) and, more particularly, on 'problem plays', often with a religious colouring (Michael and his Lost Angel, 1896). By 1900, when his skillfully wrought Mrs Dane's Defence was produced, his creative work was virtually over, although plays continued to come from his pen until 1917.
Jones's belief in the social importance of the new drama was of widespread influence during the last years of the 19th century and his volume of essays, entitled The Renascence of the English Drama (1896), may be regarded as the movement out of which the modern theatre was born.
British classical scholar and ancient historian, was born at Hunslet, Leeds, of ancestry partly English, partly Welsh, and educated at Rossall and Balliol College, Oxford, afterwards (1890-1893) studying in Greece and Italy. He held various fellowships, teaching and research, at Trinity (Oxford), was director of the British School at Rome (1900-1905), succeeded F. Haverfield as Camden professor of ancient history at Oxford, became principal of University College, Aberystwyth, in 1927, was knighted in 1933, and retired owing to poor health which had always handicapped him in 1934.
Besides numerous works on archaeology and ancient history, he edited Thucydides (2 vols, 1898 and 1900) for the Oxford Classical Texts, and, with the help of a number of other scholars (including R. McKenzie), revised the Greek Lexicon of Liddell and Scott, producing the ninth and incomparably best edition (published 1925-1940).
regicide, was one of the ablest Welsh parliamentarian soldiers in the civil wars. He was a member of the commonwealth high court which condemned Charles I in 1649, and afterwards, 1650-1654, as a commisioner in Ireland, was prominent in expropriating the Irish. A republican, he was reconciled to the protectorate after his marriage with Cromwell's sister in 1656, but was sent again to Ireland by the republicans in 1659 where he remained until he was seized by Monk's supporters in 1660. He was tried as a regicide and executed on 17th October.
English composer and lutenist, who took his B.Mus. degree at Oxford in 1597, wrote several madrigals, one of which is in The Triumphes of Oriana (Thomas Morley). More important are his five books of ayres with accompaniment for lute. He excelled in the lighter type of love song, like 'Whither runneth my sweet heart?' and 'Sweet Kate'.
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Jones, Anson (1798-1858),
Texan-US politician; last president of Texas Republic 1844-1846
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Jones, Catesby (1821-1877),
US-Confederate naval officer; executive officer and acting commander of Virginia (formerly Merrimack) during battle with Monitor 1862
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Jones, Daniel (1881-1967),
English phonetician
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Jones, Edward (1856-1920),
US statistician; co-developer and co-eponym of Dow-Jones index with Charles Dow
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Jones, Edward Austin (1808?-1865?),
US missionary in Sierra Leone; probably 2nd black to graduate from college in US 1826, from Amherst College
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Jones, Eugene Kinckle (1885-1954),
US black civil rights activist; executive secretary of National Urban League 1917-1941; general secretary of National Urban League 1941-1950
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Jones, Frederick McKinley (1892-1961),
US inventor
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Jones, George (1811-1891),
US newspaper publisher; with Henry Raymond, co-founded The New York Times 1851; co-owner of The New York Times 1851-1860; business manager of The New York Times 1856-1869
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