No other "lesser variety" has made so much progress in the past two decades as the "Danish Pied" better known to fanciers in general as the Recessive Pied. The advancement achieved by this variety is perhaps best illustrated by drawing a comparison of entries over the years in the Budgerigar Society Club Show.

At the 1973 B.S. Show I exhibited, as a beginner, one adult Recessive Pied and one breeder. In those days there was one class for cock and hen and only one challenge certificate. I won the C.C. and best recessive pied in Show that year with the young bird. There were seven exhibits in the adult class and six in the breeder class from six exhibitors. The champion section was very poorly supported with three entries in the adult class and five in the breeder class. Only two exhibitors supported that section. When I won the adult C.C. and best Recessive Pied in 1987 as a champion exhibitor (having also won C.Cs in this variety in 1977,78,83,84 and 85) there were 29 exhibits in the cock class from which my C.C. winner came and 12 in the hen class. The champion breeder cock class had an entry of 21 and the hen class an entry of 14. There were sixteen exhibitors in the champion section alone. The beginner section was not as well supported as the champion section but was still far better than that of 1973 with nine and five exhibits in the adult cock and hen classes respectively while the breeder classes had an entry of fourteen and seven respectively. Total exhibitors in that section were seven. The beginner breeder cock class, however, produced the breeder C.C. winner as it did for me in 1973. In 1990 when I won the C.C. again from the adult class, that statistics were about the same as 1987. The champion section had entries of 26, 12, 22, & 11 respectively from 15 exhibitors, while the beginner section had entries of 9, 4, 4 & 3 from 7 exhibitors. A coincidence it was but the winner of 1973, 87 and 90 were all Grey Green cocks.

This comparison clearly indicates the advancement mentioned earlier on. Going back to my early years in this variety, the fancy in general made their usual jovial and disparaging remarks to those few who wanted to specialize and devote their resources to the advancement of this variety. Because it is well accepted that the fancier who breeds and exhibits lesser varieties becomes typeset as a "specialist", so I and a few others, like my two friends Jim Rowe and Mike Ingham came to be known as specialist Recessive Pied breeders and we have competed against each other on the show bench since then. The scene is totally different now as there are many exhibitors of this variety throughout the sections. We are still called "specialists" but have been joined by many more now. One other fact that is worth mentioning is that the three of us are still dominating the scene with this variety fifteen years later; Jim won the B.S. Club Show in 1986 while Mike did in 1988 with me in 1988 and with me in 1987.

In order to pinpoint the rise in popularity of the Recessive Pied perhaps some background from its introduction to this country in 1948 would be useful.

Appearances of different forms of Budgerigars with pied or variegated plumage can be traced as far back as the early nineteen twenties. But the first Pied mutation to be fully established was the Danish Recessive Pied and the founder of the strain a Green and Yellow cock was displayed in Copenhagen at a bird show in 1932. The first of this mutation to arrive in this country was in 1948 when Cyril Rogers received his stock from the late Herr C. of Enehjelm, who at that time was the Curator of Helsinki Zoological Gardens in Finland. Cyril exhibited this variety at a Cambridge show in 1950 for the first time.

These birds are very colourful in appearance and usually it is the brilliance of their colouring that attracts the average breeder. Being a recessive mutation, it is more difficult to breed to exhibition standard. The incorporation of the multitude of genes which make up top class exhibition specimens of a strain of any recessive characteristic is far more challenging than that when combining together dominant characteristics.

As to the inheritance of the Danish Pied, the pied is recessive to normal and their method of production acts as a simple autosomal recessive gene. The normal here meaning a non-pied Budgerigar. Because of that its expectation table can be readily calculated (irrespective of colour or sex):

• Rec. Pied X Normal/Rec. Pied produces 50% Rec. Pied and 50% Normal/Rec. Pied

• Rec. Pied X Rec. Pied produces 100% Rec. Pied

• Normal/Rec. Pied X Normal/Rec. Pied produces 25% Rec. Pied, 50% Normal Rec. Pied, and 25% Normal

• Normal/Rec. Pied X Normal produces 50% Normal/Rec. Pied and 50% Normal.

One must understand that this variety is not a sex-linked one, so the above expectations do not depend on which parent has which genotype and the expectation applies equally to the progeny of either sex. In some cases those Normal/Recessive Pieds "splits for convenience" show a small clear spot on the back of the head.

Those specialists referred to earlier realised that the only way to make progress with this variety was to pair the best Recessive Pied to the best available normal, even if a dirty headed Opaline as long as it was of good size. Splits will be produced, called first splits, of good quality to pair back to Recessive Pieds so that the desirable Recessive Pieds will be produced at the next breeding season.

I have only used pairing 1 & 2 (from the above list). I have stated earlier that the only way to progress is to keep outcrossing to the best above normals available. I also thought pairing 3 to be a waste of time from a quality point of view but of course ideal for quantity. Last year, however, I was in short supply of split hens to pair with my quality Recessive Pied cocks. One split hen which was paired to my 1987 club show winner died of egg bound so I was forced to pair him to a Recessive Pied hen. Two Recessive Pied cocks were produced in the first round and one in the second round. One of the first round chicks developed into a stormer (for the variety), while his two brothers were not in the same league.

Unfortunately that bird seems loathe to grow tail and flight feathers, one might say a mild and permanent spot of French Moult. I still cannot make up my mind with this type of pairing although the number of breeders including successful champions seem to use it.

When it comes to pairing 4, serious breeders ought to consider it if the quality of their splits are good. One might just hit the jackpot and produce an acceptable specimen of this variety. However, the 75% non-Recessive Pied chicks produced ought to end up in pet shops.

Pair 5 is a total waste in my opinion. Virtually no merit can be achieved from such pairing. The added difficulty of course is in distinguishing the normals from the splits.

Let us now examine more closely the pitfalls with this variety. Firstly let us consider the Budgerigar Society Colour Standards for the Recessive Pied Light Green.

MASK:

Buttercup yellow.

THROAT SPOTS:

As the normal Light Green Variety, may be present from one of the full number.

CHEEK PATCHES:

Violet, silvery white or a mixture of both.

GENERAL BODY COLOUR:

Irregular patches of clear buttercup yellow and bright grass green with the latter mainly on the lower chest, rump and underparts.

WINGS:

Black undulations or polka dot markings should cover more than fifteen percent of the total area. All visible flight feathers should be clear yellow but odd dark flight feathers are not faults.

CERE:

Fleshy pink.

BEAK:

Orange coloured.

FEET & LEGS:

Fleshy pink.

EYE:

Dark without any light iris ring. The eye is the only special distinguishable feature of Recessive Pieds and the only way that one can identify them from badly marked Dominant Pieds or Clearflights.

Yet at the 1987 B.S. World Show two specimens of this variety exhibited in the champion section did not comply with that. A recessive Pied Spangle was exhibited showing the white ring on both eyes. The bird was bred from a single factor Spangle/Recessive Pied hen to a Recessive Pied cock. The spangle in turn was bred from a double factor Spangle cock to a Recessive Pied hen (all young being single factor Spangle/Recessive Pied). So why has the white iris ring appeared in that Recessive Pied Spangle? That is genetics for you. The other bird had all the appearance of a Dominant Pied in colouration including the blue cere and yet it had no white iris ring. One can debate the validity of both exhibits being exhibited in the Recessive Pied class. It will be interesting to see the results of the progeny from these two birds in question when hopefully they can both be successfully mated this season. As the Spangle is mine I can keep close scrutiny on the results.

Two changes I would like to see in the B.S. Colour Standard for Recessive Pieds. One is the statement about the number of spots (present from one to full number). There are a huge number of Recessive Pieds that do not have spots at all. One can always see them on the show bench and winning specials. It would be better for the statement to read "present from none to full number". The other regarding wing marking "should not cover more than fifteen to twenty percent of total area". Again, Recessive Pied breeders will agree with me that it is virtually impossible at times to guarantee such fine percentage. Recessive Pied hens are prone darker wing markings. Perhaps allowing the flexibility of say up to "forty percent" will be more realistic. Another pitfall with this variety is the head quality or rather the lack of it. Is it the characteristic of this variety that the heads are small and narrow in general? One cannot say it is because they are a recessive variety as the Yellows and Whites which are recessive have the desirable head quality of the big normals.

One can not help wondering if top specialists have reached the end of the road with the advancement with this variety; I hope not....