In midsummer, the night sky in England never gets really dark. Although we are not far enough north for the sun to be above the horizon at midnight in the middle of summer, it never really sets. Sunset turns into sunrise. The midsummer solstice, about June 21st, is when the days in the northern hemisphere are the longest. This is caused by the Earth having a list of about 23.5 degrees from the vertical. On June 21st, the North Pole is pointing towards the Sun, so the northern hemisphere is warmer. On December 21st the South Pole is pointing towards the Sun, so it is winter in the north and summer in the south. The Earth is actually farther from the Sun in July than in January, but this makes less difference than the direction of tilt.
Celebrating the midsummer sunrise at monuments like Stonehenge (and even the shopping mall at Milton Keynes) is a recent custom. It was first suggested in the 17th century that Stonehenge was aligned to the midsummer sunrise. At about 4 o'clock in the morning on June 21st, a hopeful crowd gathers (or attempts to do so in the face of official opposition leading to nasty scenes), expecting to watch the Sun rise over the Heel Stone in the entrance avenue. In fact the Heel Stone is not in alignment to the midsummer sunrise and will not be for another 3,000 years. It was even less so from 3,000 to 5,000 years ago, when Stonehenge was in use for whatever it was used for.
Ritual buildings like Lincoln Cathedral are built so the worshippers face a particular direction when they come in. In Stonehenge they would have been facing the South-West - the direction of the midwinter sunset. And our major traditional festival of the year is in midwinter!
There is no evidence that Stonehenge was always in use as a religious centre, although it contains buried human sacrifices. It was usual to bury sacrifices into buildings to give them protective ghosts. In the course of 2,000 years, the structure was rebuilt a number of times and could have had a number of uses.
Ideas that it was an observatory or astronomical computer are based on the fact that people have used the position of the sun as a clock and calendar at least since Neanderthal times more than 70,000 years ago. We know this from the alignment of Neanderthal dwellings, ritual sites and tombs, for it was customary right up to modern times to ensure that the doorways of homes were facing the direction of the rising sun, the source of light, life and good things. The direction of the setting sun was associated with death. Which is why we say something has "gone west" when it is lost. And why churches (often built over earlier religious sites with the intention of replacing them) face east as Lincoln Cathedral does. (More on orientation and the associations of the directions of time and space in Directions of the Sun, and Chukchi Directions.) The builders of Stonehenge and their neighbours had their front doors facing the south-east.
When all the buildings in the same place faced the same way as was usual in the past, it was often the custom to use a doorway or window frame as a sundial or calendar to tell the time of the day or certain times of the year by the position of the sun's rays or a shadow. Another method of telling the time was by the sun's position on the horizon and its alignment with particular features from a fixed point of view, which may (like a cairn of stones) have been constructed for that purpose.
Claims for astrononomical calculations and associated rituals at Stonehenge often fail to consider the lifestyle of the people that built it.
(For example: Why should they want to know the tides when it might take three days for them to reach the sea? And what were the cosmological beliefs of people in this place at this time.)
Many suggestions of astronomical alignments at Stonehenge have been discounted by archaeological evidence which has revealed the claimed astronomical alignments have been to such unconnected features as a 1st World War rubbish dump, a Civil War gun emplacement and three pine trees which existed some 4,000 years before any construction work began on Stonehenge.
There is no conclusive evidence to support claims that Stonehenge was an observatory.
There has been no evidence either that it has always been a religious and ritual centre - although it became seeped in history and mystery as time went on.
Sacrifices were made to support the foundations of all important building. Excavations have shown that the area was a centre for international trade in the Bronze Age as far as can been ascertained. Tombs show wealthy individuals who had origins and goods from further afield, as far as the Alps. They brought goods such as copper, and new technologies as well as trade. Stonehenge could even at one time have been a bronze-age shopping mall with ox-cart park.
More information, pictures, references and links will be added soon. In the meantime:
See also:
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