Hitchin – a town that always seems to be on the fold of the map, not quite in the Anglia TV region, not quite in the London area, just annoyingly out of range of most of the London local radio stations, straddling the line between Heart’s Luton and Bedford radio transmitter areas – the list goes on and on. And when I was looking at a map of the ancient Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, it was the same old story – Hitchin seemed to be at the “triple-point” between Mercia, Anglia and Essex, and later right on the border between Danelaw and Wessex!
So a bit of investigation was needed: which kingdom (or kingdoms) was Hitchin actually in during these times? This chart shows not only who was the “King of Hitchin” during Anglo-Saxon times but also in the pre-Roman era of the Ancient Britons (the tribe of the Catuvellauni in Hitchin’s case), and way back to the earliest legendary kings, as named by Geoffrey of Monmouth and others (BC dates are, of course, pretty much guesswork and may differ from those given in other sources).
Also included are some of the less-well-known monarchs, who often get omitted from “official” lists because they were never actually crowned, but I have included them for completeness. Examples include Lady Jane Grey (1553), who you have probably heard of, and King Louis (1216) and Edgar the Outlaw (1066), who you may not have. I have also included sub-kings and regents, lists of the Roman emperors during the times when Britain was part of the Roman Empire and the Roman governors of Britannia at the time.
| Notes | Name of Monarch | From | To | ||||||||||
| Celtic kings | |||||||||||||
| Also called Meshech or Dis. According to legend, he was the fourth son of Japheth, son of Noah. Britain was named "Samothea" after him | Samothes | 2104 BC | 2057 BC | ||||||||||
| Son of Samothes | Magus | 2057 BC | 2010 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Sarronius; son of Magus | Saron | 2010 BC | 1962 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Druiyys; son of Saron; founder of the Druids | Druis | 1962 BC | 1915 BC | ||||||||||
| Son of Druis; founder of the bards | Bardus I | 1915 BC | 1868 BC | ||||||||||
| Longho | 1868 BC | 1821 BC | |||||||||||
| Bardus II | 1821 BC | 1773 BC | |||||||||||
| Lucus | 1773 BC | 1726 BC | |||||||||||
| The Celts derived their name from him | Celtes | 1726 BC | 1721 BC | ||||||||||
| Trojan kings | |||||||||||||
| According to legend, he was the son of Neptune; Britain was re-named "Albion" after him | Albion | 1721 BC | 1677 BC | ||||||||||
| Hercules Lybicus | 1677 BC | 1677 BC | |||||||||||
| Celtes (again) | 1677 BC | 1674 BC | |||||||||||
| Galates I | 1674 BC | 1635 BC | |||||||||||
| Harbon | 1635 BC | 1595 BC | |||||||||||
| Lugdus | 1595 BC | 1556 BC | |||||||||||
| Also called Nausithous the Magnificent | Beligius | 1556 BC | 1517 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Rhexenor | Iasius | 1517 BC | 1477 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Alcinous | Allobrox | 1477 BC | 1438 BC | ||||||||||
| Romus | 1438 BC | 1399 BC | |||||||||||
| Paris | 1399 BC | 1360 BC | |||||||||||
| Also called Laodamas | Lemanus | 1360 BC | 1320 BC | ||||||||||
| Olbius | 1320 BC | 1281 BC | |||||||||||
| Also called Gogmagog. Could have been two kings - Gog and Magog. By legend, Magog was the son of Japheth, son of Noah | Galates II | 1281 BC | 1242 BC | ||||||||||
| Nannes | 1242 BC | 1202 BC | |||||||||||
| Remis | 1202 BC | 1202 BC | |||||||||||
| Francus | 1163 BC | 1148 BC | |||||||||||
| The Picts derive their name from him | Pictus | 1148 BC | 1121 BC | ||||||||||
| Brythonic kings | |||||||||||||
| House of Troy | |||||||||||||
| Also called Bryt or Brute. Brutus sailed from Troy after the Trojan War to Britain where he founded a second Troy - Troia Nova (Trinovantum). Britain derives its name from him | Brutus I | 1121 BC | 1098 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Locrine or Loegr, which is the Welsh name for "England". Son of Brutus and brother of Kamber, king of Wales (Cambria/Cymru) and Alban, king of Scotland (Albany) | Locrinus | 1098 BC | 1088 BC | ||||||||||
| Wife of Locrinus and daughter of Corineus, king of Cornwall (Cornwall derives its name from Corineus) | Queen Gwendolen | 1088 BC | 1073 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Madan. Son of Locrinus and Gwendolen | Maddan | 1073 BC | 1033 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Meinbyr, Son of Maddan | Mempricius | 1033 BC | 1013 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Efrauc or Ebranck. Eboracum (the Roman name for York) derives its name from him | Ebraucus | 1013 BC | 973 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Bryttys Darian Las | Brutus II (Greenshield) | 973 BC | 961 BC | ||||||||||
| Carlisle derives its name from him | Leil | 961 BC | 936 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Run Baladr Bras. Son of Leil | Rud Hud Hudibras | 936 BC | 897 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Blaedud; son of Rud Hud Hudibras | Bladud | 897 BC | 877 BC | ||||||||||
| Shakespeare's King Lear. Leicester derives its name from him | Leir | 877 BC | 817 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Creiddylad. Daugher of Leir | Queen Cordelia | 817 BC | 812 BC | ||||||||||
| Maglaunus was Duke of Albany (Scotland); Henwinus was Duke of Cornwall; both were sons-in-law of Leir | Maglaurus and Henwinus | 812 BC | 809 BC | ||||||||||
| Leir (again) | 809 BC | 806 BC | |||||||||||
| Also called Cordeilla | Queen Cordelia (again) | 806 BC | 801 BC | ||||||||||
| House of Cornwall | |||||||||||||
| Cunedagius (Southumbria) | 801 BC | 799 BC | |||||||||||
| Cunedagius was also called Cunedag or Kynedda; son of Henwinus | Cunedagius | 799 BC | 764 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Rival or Rriallon | Rivallo | 764 BC | 722 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Gurgust | Gurgustius | 722 BC | 680 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Silvius | Sisillius I | 680 BC | 639 BC | ||||||||||
| Jago | 639 BC | 597 BC | |||||||||||
| Also called Kinmarcus or Kimmacus | Kimarcus | 597 BC | 555 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Gorbodug or Gwrvyw | Gorboduc | 555 BC | 513 BC | ||||||||||
| Ferrex and Porrex were sons of Gorboduc | Ferrex and Porrex I | 513 BC | 472 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Pinor and/or Ymner. During Pinner's reign, civil war raged between Pinner (king of Loegria/England), Rudaucus (Cambria/Wales), Staterius (Albany/Scotland) and Cloten (Cornwall) | Pinner | 472 BC | 430 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Klydno. Winner of the civil war | Cloten | 430 BC | 420 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Dyfual Moel Myd. Son of Cloten | Dunvallo Molmutius | 420 BC | 380 BC | ||||||||||
| Son of Dunvallo. During this time, Cambria was divided into Dimetia (S. Wales) and Venedotia (N. Wales) | Belinus (the Great) (Southumbria) | 380 BC | 377 BC | ||||||||||
| Billingsgate derives its name from him | Belinus | 377 BC | 374 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Gurguint or Gwrgant Varf Drwch. Son of Belinus | Gurguit Barbtruc | 374 BC | 369 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Guintelyn or Kyhylyn. Son of Gurguit | Guithelin | 369 BC | 363 BC | ||||||||||
| Regent for and wife of Guithelin; Mercia derives its name from her | Queen Marcia | 363 BC | 358 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Saessyllt. Son of Guithelin and Marcia | Sisillius II | 358 BC | 352 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Kimarus; son of Sisillius | Kinarius | 352 BC | 347 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Elanius; son of Sisillius | Danius | 347 BC | 341 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Morindus or Morydd; son of Danius | Morvidus | 341 BC | 332 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Gorboman or Gwrviniaw | Gorbonianus | 332 BC | 326 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Archigallo, Arthgallo or Arthal; brother of Gorbonianus | Archgallo | 326 BC | 322 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Elidyr; brother of Gorbonianus | Elidurus (the Dutiful) | 322 BC | 317 BC | ||||||||||
| Archgallo (again) | 317 BC | 307 BC | |||||||||||
| Elidurus (again) | 307 BC | 302 BC | |||||||||||
| Ingenius was also called Vigenius; brother of Gorbonianus | Ingenius (Southumbria) | 302 BC | 295 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Peridurus, Peredure or Peredyr; brother of Gorbonianus | Peredurus | 295 BC | 292 BC | ||||||||||
| Elidurus (again) | 292 BC | 287 BC | |||||||||||
| Son of Gorbonianus | Unnamed king | 287 BC | 285 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Morgan; son of Arthgallo | Marganus II | 285 BC | 280 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Emerianus. He was deposed | Enniaunus | 280 BC | 274 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Ydwallo; son of Ingenius | Idvallo | 274 BC | 261 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Runno or Rimo; son of Peredure | Runo | 261 BC | 248 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Geruntius. Son of Elidurus | Gerennus | 248 BC | 235 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Gatellus | Catellus | 235 BC | 222 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Coillus or Coilus | Millus | 222 BC | 210 BC | ||||||||||
| Porrex II | 210 BC | 197 BC | |||||||||||
| Also called Cherimus | Cherin | 197 BC | 184 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Fulgentius | Fulgenius | 184 BC | 171 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Eldred | Edadus | 171 BC | 159 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Androgeus | Andragius | 159 BC | 146 BC | ||||||||||
| Urianus | 146 BC | 133 BC | |||||||||||
| Kings chosen by lot | |||||||||||||
| Also called Elihud | Eliud | 133 BC | 128 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Dedantius | Cledaucus | 128 BC | 123 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Cletonus or Detonus | Clotenus | 123 BC | 121 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Gurguineus | Gurgintius | 121 BC | 118 BC | ||||||||||
| Merianus | 118 BC | 116 BC | |||||||||||
| Also called Bleduno or Bleduus | Bledudo | 116 BC | 114 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Capenus | Cap | 114 BC | 111 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Ovinus | Oenus | 111 BC | 109 BC | ||||||||||
| Sisillius III | 109 BC | 107 BC | |||||||||||
| House of Beldgabred | |||||||||||||
| Also called Blegabred or Bledgabedrus | Beldgabred | 107 BC | 97 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Arthmail or Archimalus | Archmail | 97 BC | 95 BC | ||||||||||
| Kings chosen by lot | |||||||||||||
| Also called Eldolus | Eldol | 95 BC | 91 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Redion or Rodianus | Redon | 91 BC | 89 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Rederchius or Redargius | Redechius | 89 BC | 86 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Samuil Penissel. Could have been two kings - Samuil/Samulius (86-84 BC) and Pennessil/Penisillus (84-81 BC) | Samuilpenissel | 86 BC | 81 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Pyrrhus | Pir | 81 BC | 79 BC | ||||||||||
| House of Capoir | |||||||||||||
| Also called Caporius | Capoir | 79 BC | 77 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Dinellus or Cligueillus | Digueillus | 77 BC | 73 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Beli Mawr | Heli | 73 BC | 72 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Lludd Llaw Ereint. Son of Heli. London and Ludgate are named after Lud | Lud | 72 BC | 61 BC | ||||||||||
| Catuvellauni | Sub-Kings | ||||||||||||
| Also called Caswallon, Cassibellan, Cassibellaun or Kasswallawn. Son of Heli. The Catuvellauni derive their name from Cassivellaunus. Their capital was in Verulamium (St. Albans) | Cassivelaunus | 61 BC | 48 BC | ||||||||||
| Son of Cassivellaunus | Unnamed king | 48 BC | 20 BC | ||||||||||
| Also called Tenvantius; son of Lud | Tasciovanus | 20 BC | 15 BC | ||||||||||
| Tasciovanus | Andocomius, Dias, Rues and Segovax | 15 BC | AD 10 | ||||||||||
| Also called Cunobelinus or Kynvelyn. Shakespeare's Cymbeline. Had been brought up by Augustus Caesar | Cunobelin | AD 10 | AD 25 | ||||||||||
| Cunobelin | Epaticcus | 25 | 35 | ||||||||||
| Cunobelin | Adminius | 35 | 40 | Roman Emperors | From | To | Roman Governors of Britannia | From | To | ||||
| Also called Guiderius or Gwydr; son of Cunobelin, born AD 35; Claudius emperor (41-54) | Togodumnus | 40 | 43 | ||||||||||
| Born Tiberius Claudius Drusus; official name Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Grandson of Mark Antony. AD 43 - Invasion of Britain | Claudius I | 41 | 54 | ||||||||||
| Also called Caractacus. Son of Cunobelin | Caratacus | 43 | 51 | ||||||||||
| British leaders during Roman rule | |||||||||||||
| Married Boudicca (Boadicea), Queen of the Iceni | Prasutagus | 51 | 61 | Aulus Didius Gallus | 52 | 57 | |||||||
| Nero was born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; official name Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus (or Drusus) Germanicus | Nero | 54 | 68 | Quintus Veranius | 57 | 58 | |||||||
| Gaius Suetonius Paulinus | 58 | 62 | |||||||||||
| Also called Gweyrydd. Son of Cunobelin | Arviragus | 61 | 74 | Publius Petronius Turpilianus | 62 | 63 | |||||||
| Galba was born Servius Sulpicius Galba; official name Servius Sulpicius Galba Caesar Augustus | Galba | 68 | 69 | Marcus Trebellius Maximus | 63 | 69 | |||||||
| Otho was born Marcus Salvius Otho; official name Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus | Otho | 69 | 69 | ||||||||||
| Vitellius was born Aulus Vitellius; official name Aulus Vitellius Germanicus | Vitellius | 69 | 69 | ||||||||||
| Vespasian was born Titus Flavius Vespasianus; official name Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus. Father of Titus and Domitian | Vespasian | 69 | 79 | Marcus Vettius Bolanus | 69 | 71 | |||||||
| Quintus Petillius Cerialis | 71 | 74 | |||||||||||
| Also called Meurig or Mayric, after whom Westmorland ("West Meurig Land") is named | Marius | 74 | 125 | Sextus Julius Frontinus | 74 | 78 | |||||||
| Titus was born Titus Flavius Vespasianus; official name Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus. Eldest son of Vespasian | Titus | 79 | 81 | Gnaeus Julius Agricola | 78 | 84 | |||||||
| Domitian was born Titus Flavius Domitianus; official name Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus. Youngest son of Vespasian | Domitian | 81 | 96 | Sallustius Lucullus | 84 | 89 | |||||||
| Aulus Vicirius Proculus | 89 | 96 | |||||||||||
| Nerva's full name was Marcus Cocceius Nerva | Nerva | 96 | 98 | Publius Metilius Nepos | 96 | 97 | |||||||
| Trajan was born Marcus Ulpius Traianus; official name Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus | Trajan | 98 | 117 | Tiberius (or Titus) Avidius Quietus | 97 | 101 | |||||||
| Lucius Neratius Marcellus | 101 | 103 | |||||||||||
| Unnamed governor | 103 | 115 | |||||||||||
| Marcus Appius Bradua | 115 | 118 | |||||||||||
| Hadrian was born Publius Aelius Hadrianus; official name Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus. Built Hadrian's Wall between Deira and Albany in AD 122 | Hadrian | 117 | 138 | Quintus Pompeius Falco | 118 | 122 | |||||||
| Aulus Platorius Nepos | 122 | 125 | |||||||||||
| Also called Coel I. Son of Marius | Coilus | 125 | 150 | Trebius Germanus | 125 | 131 | |||||||
| Sextus Julius Severus | 131 | 133 | |||||||||||
| Publius Mummius Sisenna | 133 | 136 | |||||||||||
| Tiberius Claudius Quartinus | 136 | 138 | |||||||||||
| Antoninus was born Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus; official name Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus. Built the Antonine Wall in AD 142, in an attempt to extend Roman territory and dominance | Antoninus (Pius) | 138 | 161 | Quintus Lollius Urbicus | 138 | 144 | |||||||
| Gnaeus Papirius Aelianus | 144 | 147 | |||||||||||
| Unnamed governor | 147 | 154 | |||||||||||
| Also called Lleirwg Mawr. Son of Coilus | Lucius | 150 | 180 | Gnaeus Julius Verus | 154 | 158 | |||||||
| Longinus | 158 | 161 | |||||||||||
| Lucius Verus was born Lucius Ceionius Commodus; official name Lucius Aurelius Verus | Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus | 161 | 166 | Marcus Statius Priscus | 161 | 163 | |||||||
| Sextus Calpurnius Agricola | 163 | 166 | |||||||||||
| Marcus Aurelius was born Marcus Annius Verus; official name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus. Adopted son of Antoninus Pius and father of Commodus | Marcus Aurelius | 166 | 180 | Unnamed governor | 166 | 175 | |||||||
| Quintus Antistius Adventus | 175 | 178 | |||||||||||
| Carellius Priscus | 178 | 181 | |||||||||||
| Commodus was born Lucius Aurelius Commodus; official name Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus, then Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus. Son of Marcus Aurelius | Direct Roman rule | 180 | 208 | Commodus | 180 | 192 | Lucius Ulpius Marcellus | 181 | 185 | ||||
| Publius Helvius Pertinax | 185 | 187 | |||||||||||
| Unnamed governor | 187 | 191 | |||||||||||
| Pertinax's full name was Publius Helvius Pertinax | Pertinax | 192 | 193 | Decimus Clodius Albinus | 191 | 197 | |||||||
| Marcus Didius Severus Julianus | Didius Julianus | 193 | 193 | ||||||||||
| Severus was born Lucius Septimius Severus; official name Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax. Father of Caracalla and Geta. 196 - Clodius Albinus (Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus), a Roman general in Britain, was proclaimed emperor by the legions in Britain but was killed by Severus's army at the Battle of Lugdunum (Lyon) in 197 | Septimius Severus (Severus I) | 193 | 211 | Virius Lupus | 197 | 202 | |||||||
| Marcus Antius Crescens Calpurnianus | 202 | 202 | |||||||||||
| British leader during Roman rule | Gaius Valerius Pudens | 202 | 205 | ||||||||||
| Lucius Alfenus Senecio | 205 | 208 | |||||||||||
| Sulgenius was also called Argentocoxos or Fulgenius. He was an anti–Roman resistance leader | Sulgenius | 208 | 211 | ||||||||||
| Geta's full name was Publius Septimius Geta. He was the younger son of Septimius Severus | Caracalla and Geta | 208 | 211 | ||||||||||
| In 211, Britain was divided into two provinces: Britannia Superior (capital at London) and Britannia Inferior (capital at York) | Direct Roman rule | 211 | 286 | Roman Governors of Britannia Superior | |||||||||
| Caracalla was born Lucius Septimius Bassianus Caracalla; official name Marcus Aurelius (Severus) Antoninus. Elder son of Severus I. Geta fought with Caracalla and was killed by him | Caracalla | 211 | 217 | Caracalla | 211 | 222 | |||||||
| Macrinus was born Marcus Opellius Macrinus; official name Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus. Father of Diadumenianus | Macrinus | 217 | 218 | ||||||||||
| Diadumenian was born Marcus Opellius Diadumenianus; official name Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus. Son of Macrinus | Macrinus and Diadumenian | 218 | 218 | ||||||||||
| Born Varius Avitus Bassianus; official name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Also known as Heliogabalus | Elagabalus | 218 | 222 | ||||||||||
| Alexander Severus was born Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus; official name Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander | Alexander Severus | 222 | 235 | Tiberius (or Titus) Julius Pollienus Auspex | 222 | 226 | |||||||
| Gaius (or Caius) Junius Faustinus Postumianus | 226 | 235 | |||||||||||
| Maximinus I's full name was Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus | Maximinus I (Thrax) | 235 | 238 | Rufinus | 235 | 240 | |||||||
| Gordian I's full name was Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus. Father of Gordian II and grandfather of Gordian III | Gordian I | 238 | 238 | ||||||||||
| Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus. Son of Gordian I | Gordian II | 238 | 238 | ||||||||||
| Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus and Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus Pius | Pupienus and Balbinus | 238 | 238 | ||||||||||
| Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius. Son of Antonia Gordiana, daughter of Gordian I | Gordian III | 238 | 244 | ||||||||||
| Marcus Martiannus Pulcher | 240 | 253 | |||||||||||
| Marcus Julius Philippus. Father of Philip Iunior | Philip the Arab | 244 | 247 | ||||||||||
| Philip Iunior was the son of Philip the Arab | Philip the Arab and Philip Iunior | 247 | 249 | ||||||||||
| Born Gaius Messius Quintus Decius; official name Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius | Decius | 249 | 251 | ||||||||||
| Herennius Etruscus's full name was Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius. Elder son of Decius | Decius and Herennius Etruscus | 251 | 251 | Titus Desticius Juba | 253 | 255 | |||||||
| Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus. Younger son of Decius | Hostilian | 251 | 251 | Unnamed governor | 255 | 269 | |||||||
| Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus and his son Gaius Vibius Volusianus | Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus | 251 | 253 | ||||||||||
| Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus | Aemilian | 253 | 253 | ||||||||||
| Valerian's full name was Publius Licinius Valerianus. Father of Gallienus | Valerian and Gallienus | 253 | 260 | ||||||||||
| Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus. Son of Valerian | Gallienus | 260 | 268 | Roman Governor of Britannia | |||||||||
| Marcus Aurelius Claudius | Claudius II (Gothicus) | 268 | 270 | ||||||||||
| 269 - Due to a series of imperial rebellions, Britain was once again governed as a single country | Unnamed governor | 269 | 296 | ||||||||||
| Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus. Brother of Claudius II | Quintillus | 270 | 270 | ||||||||||
| Lucius Domitius Aurelianus | Aurelian | 270 | 275 | ||||||||||
| Marcus Claudius Tacitus. Half-brother of Florian | Tacitus | 275 | 276 | ||||||||||
| Marcus Annius Florianus. Half-brother of Tacitus | Florian | 276 | 276 | ||||||||||
| Marcus Aurelius Probus | Probus | 276 | 282 | ||||||||||
| Marcus Aurelius Carus. Father of Carinus and Numerian | Carus | 282 | 283 | ||||||||||
| Augusti in West | |||||||||||||
| Marcus Aurelius Carinus. Elder son of Carus | Carinus | 283 | 285 | ||||||||||
| British leaders during Roman rule | Caesari of the Western Empire | ||||||||||||
| Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius. Father of Maxentius | Maximian | 285 | 286 | ||||||||||
| Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius. Proclaimed himself emperor of Britain | Carausius | 286 | 293 | Maximian | Carausius (Britain and Gaul) | 286 | 293 | ||||||
| 293 - the Tetrarchy (4 emperors) was introduced. Allectus's full name was Caius Allectus. He killed Carausius and assumed command of Britain | Allectus | 293 | 296 | Maximian | Allectus (Britain and Gaul) | 293 | 296 | ||||||
| Constantius I's full name was Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius Chlorus. Father of Constantine I and son-in-law of Coel II. Died at York | Maximian | Constantius I (Chlorus) | 296 | 305 | Roman Vicarii of Britannia | ||||||||
| 296 - Britain was divided into four provinces: Maxima Caesariensis (capital at London), Flavia Caesariensis (capital at Lincoln), Britannia Prima (capital at Cirencester) and Britannia Secunda (capital at York), each with its own "rector", but with a "vicarius" of Britain overseeing all of them | |||||||||||||
| Also called Alyssglapitwlws. Duke of Cornwall. 303 - St. Alban martyred | Asclepiodotus | 296 | 305 | Unnamed vicarius | 296 | 319 | |||||||
| House of the Votadini | |||||||||||||
| Also called Coel II (the legendary “Old King Cole”), after whom Colchester was named. He reigned for only eight days | Coel Hen Godhebog (the Magnificent) | 305 | 305 | ||||||||||
| Severus II's full name was Flavius Valerius Severus | Direct Roman rule | 305 | 312 | Constantius I (Chlorus) | Severus II | 305 | 306 | ||||||
| Constantine I's full name was Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus. Son of Constantius I and father of Constantine II, Constantius II, Constans I and Crispus. 312 - Constantine won a decisive victory over Maxentius in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, making him the sole ruler of the western half of the empire. He made Christianity the state religion | House of the Gewissei | Severus II | Constantine I (the Great) vs. Maxentius | 306 | 307 | ||||||||
| Maxentius's full name was Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius. Son of Maximianus Herculius | Constantine I (the Great) vs. Maxentius | 307 | 312 | ||||||||||
| Also called Eudaf Hen or Eydaf Hen | Octavius (the Old) | 312 | 312 | ||||||||||
| House of the Votadini | |||||||||||||
| Trahern | 312 | 313 | Constantine I (the Great) | 312 | 317 | ||||||||
| House of the Gewissei | |||||||||||||
| Octavius (again) | 313 | 383 | |||||||||||
| Crispus's full name was Flavius (or Claudius or Valerius) Crispus. Son of Constantine I | Constantine I (the Great) | Crispus | 317 | 326 | Pacatianus | 319 | 353 | ||||||
| Martinian's full name was Sextus Marcius Martinianus | Constantine I (the Great) | 326 | 337 | ||||||||||
| Constantine II's full name was Flavius Claudius Constantinus. Eldest son of Constantine I | Constans I (Italy and Greece) and Constantine II (Britain, France and Spain) | 337 | 340 | ||||||||||
| Flavius Julius Constans. Youngest son of Constantine I | Constans I | 340 | 350 | ||||||||||
| Roman Emperors | |||||||||||||
| Constantius II | 350 | 361 | Flavius Martinus | 353 | 361 | ||||||||
| Flavius Claudius Julianus. Son of Julius Constantius, half-brother of Constantine I | Julian (the Apostate) | 361 | 363 | Alypius (of Antioch) | 361 | 363 | |||||||
| Flavius Jovianus | Jovian | 363 | 364 | ||||||||||
| Flavius Valentinianus. Brother of Valens and father of Gratian and Valentinian II | Valentinian I | 364 | 364 | ||||||||||
| Augusti of the Western Empire | |||||||||||||
| Valentinian I | 364 | 367 | |||||||||||
| Gratian's full name was Flavius Gratianus. Elder son of Valentinian I, who proclaimed him co-Augustus. In 369, the Roman general Flavius Theodosius (later to become the emperor Theodosius I) regained the area between Hadrian's Wall and the Antonine Wall, which became a separate province called Valentia | House of the Votadini | Gratian (Britain, France and Spain) | 367 | 383 | Unnamed vicarius | 363 | 369 | ||||||
| Civilis | 369 | 395 | |||||||||||
| Maximianus was also called Macsen Wledig; nephew of Coel. Killed Valentinian and forced Gratian to flee Rome, becoming emperor himself (383-388). The reorganisations of Maximianus and his subsequent withdrawal of troops from Britain virtually signals the end of Roman rule over the island. From this point on, all of Britain's High Kings originate from within the country itself | Maximianus (Magnus Clemens Maximus) | 383 | 390 | Valentinian II | 383 | 392 | |||||||
| House of the Dumnonii | |||||||||||||
| Roman Emperors | |||||||||||||
| Also called Coel Hen Kradawc; duke of Cornwall | Caradocus | 390 | 400 | ||||||||||
| Theodosius's full name was Flavius Theodosius. He was the father of Honorius | Theodosius I (the Great) | 392 | 393 | Victorinus | 395 | 400 | |||||||
| Theodosius I (the Great) | Honorius | 393 | 395 | ||||||||||
| 395 - the Roman Empire was partitioned into Eastern and Western Empires | Emperors of the Western Roman Empire | ||||||||||||
| Flavius Honorius. Younger son of Theodosius I | Honorius | 395 | 407 | ||||||||||
| Dionotus's full name was Marcus Dionotus. Duke of Cornwall | Dionotus | 400 | 407 | Chrysanthus | 400 | 406 | |||||||
| Usurping British ruler | |||||||||||||
| Also called Gratian. 408 - Britain's vicarius returned to Rome | Gracianus Municeps (the Freedman) | 407 | 407 | Unnamed vicarius | 406 | 408 | |||||||
| House of Brittany | |||||||||||||
| Also called Custennin/Kystennin ap Selyf. Although he was known as Constantine II of Britain in British legend, he was also the Western Roman usurper-emperor Constantine III. In 407 he left Britain to fight Honorius, taking with him all of the mobile troops left in Britain | Constantine II | 407 | 409 | Constantine III | 407 | 409 | |||||||
| 409 - Withdrawal of the remaining Roman legions to the defence of Rome allowed the former Celtic tribal associations to re-emerge as independent kingdoms developing over the course of the 5th and 6th centuries | Isolated Romano-British establishment | ||||||||||||
| House of Brittany | |||||||||||||
| Also called Owen or Konstant Vynarch. He was the eldest son of Constantine II (the Roman usurper Constantine III) and was appointed co-emperor (Constans II) by him. In 410, the leaders of the Romano-Celts sent a letter to the Roman Emperor Honorius, appealing for help. However he had no troops to spare and told the Britons they must defend themselves | Constans | 409 | 425 | ||||||||||
| House of the Gewissei | |||||||||||||
| Also called Wyrtgeorne, Guorthigirn, Vitalinus or Gwrtheyrn Gwrthenav. Between 446 and 454, Vortigern used the Jute mercenaries Hengist and his brother Horsa (later kings of Kent) to defeat the Picts. He married the daughter of Hengist | Vortigern | 425 | 466 | ||||||||||
| Also called Guorthemer. Son of Vortigern | Vortimer | 466 | 471 | ||||||||||
| After heavy fighting, the political leaders of the British were assassinated. Many of the surviving nobility emigrated to Gaul | Vortigern (again) | 471 | 480 | ||||||||||
| House of Brittany | |||||||||||||
| Also called Ambrosius Aurelanius, Emrys Wledic or Embreis Guletic. The British make a comeback under his leadership. Aurelius was killed by Eopa | Aurelius Ambrosius | 480 | 488 | ||||||||||
| Also called Ythr Ben Dragwn; brother of Aurelius. Married Igraine (Eigyr) | Uther Pendragon | 488 | 496 | ||||||||||
| Also called Owen Ddantgwyn. Son of Uther and father of Cuneglasus (Mordred) by his sister Morgause. Married Guinevere (Gwenhwyfar). The legendary King Arthur of Camelot became king at age 15. He won a victory over the Saxons at the Battle of Mount Badon. After his death, central government disintegrated and the regions fell into the power of warlords. During this time, Icel led the first group of Angles across the North Sea into central Britain | Arthur | 496 | 520 | ||||||||||
| Also called Cyngen (from which we get the word "king") or Mordred. Son of Arthur. Proclaimed himself king | Cuneglasus | 520 | 537 | ||||||||||
| House of the Dumnonii | |||||||||||||
| Also called Bendegit Custennin | Constantine III | 537 | 538 | ||||||||||
| House of Brittany | |||||||||||||
| Also called Aurelius Caninus or Kynan Wledic. Nephew of Constantine | Aurelius Conanus | 538 | 539 | ||||||||||
| House of Dyfed | |||||||||||||
| Also called Gwrthefyr | Vortiporius | 539 | 540 | ||||||||||
| Also called Maelgwn Gwynedd or Maelgwn Hir | Malgo | 540 | 549 | ||||||||||
| House of Wessex | |||||||||||||
| Also called Keredic I or Careticus | Cerdic | 549 | 554 | ||||||||||
| House of Gwynedd | |||||||||||||
| c. 550 - the Saxons advanced rapidly westwards; the Angles also advanced, taking large swathes of Central and Northern Britain | Morgan Bulc | 554 | 560 | ||||||||||
| Anglo-Saxon kings | |||||||||||||
| King of Anglia | |||||||||||||
| Wehha's full name was Wehha Wilhelming. The Anglian tribe of Gifle travelled down River Ifle (Ivel) and set up home in North Ifle (Northill) and South Ifle (Southill) | Wehha | c. 560 | 571 | ||||||||||
| King of Wessex | |||||||||||||
| Ceawlin's General Cuthwulf of Wessex captured the area in AD 571 after a battle at Bedford | Ceawlin | 571 | 584 | ||||||||||
| Kings of Essex | |||||||||||||
| By 584, Essex had expanded to cover most of Hertfordshire. The Gifle sub-tribe of Hicce travelled south and set up home in Hitching (Hicce's place), Hexton (Hicce's town), Hitch Wood and along the rivers Hit and Hiz | Aescwine | 584 | 587 | ||||||||||
| Also called Sledd; son of Aescwine. Around this time, the local native ancient Britons (Brit-Weals) were forced to live in Walsworth, (St. Paul's and King's) Walden and Wain (a contraction of "Walden") Wood | Sledda | 587 | 604 | ||||||||||
| Also called Saebert or Saebryht; son of Sledda. He was also son of Ricula, daughter of Irminric (who was the father of Ethelbert of Kent), son of Oisc, son of Hengist, son of Wihtgals, son of Witta, son of Woden, and father of Saeward and Seaxred | Saeberht | 604 | 616 | ||||||||||
| Saeward was son of Saebehrt | Saeward | 616 | 616 | ||||||||||
| Kings of Anglia | Sub-Kings | ||||||||||||
| Elder son of Tyttla and the father of Eorpwald, Sigbehrt and Ecgric. He conquered the Hicce in 616 | Raedwald | 616 | 617 | ||||||||||
| Raedwald | Eni | 617 | 624 | ||||||||||
| Eorpwald | 624 | 627 | |||||||||||
| Ricberht | 627 | 629 | |||||||||||
| Sigberht | Ecgric | 629 | 634 | ||||||||||
| Ecgric | 634 | 636 | |||||||||||
| Anna | 636 | 654 | |||||||||||
| Kings of Mercia | |||||||||||||
| 654 - Penda defeated Anna, conquered the Hicce, and named Ickleford after his ancestor Icel. Penda was the father of Peada, Wulfhere and Aethelred I | Penda | Peada (Southern Mercia) | 654 | 655 | |||||||||
| Penda was killed by Oswiu at the Battle of Winwaed. Oswiu allowed Penda's son Peada to continue to rule that part of Mercia south of the River Trent | Oswiu (Bernician rule) | Peada (Southern Mercia) | 655 | 656 | |||||||||
| Oswiu (Bernician rule) | 656 | 658 | |||||||||||
| A Mercian revolt in 658 saw the end of Northumbrian rule. Wulfhere (or Wulfred) was son of Penda. He used a route through Hitchin to conquer parts of Essex and Middlesex | Wulfhere | 658 | 675 | ||||||||||
| Aethelred I | Berthwald (Southern Mercia) | 675 | 685 | ||||||||||
| Aethelred I | 685 | 704 | |||||||||||
| Coenred | 704 | 709 | |||||||||||
| Coelred | 709 | 716 | |||||||||||
| Coelwald | 716 | 716 | |||||||||||
| Took control of Middlesex | Aethelbald | 716 | 757 | ||||||||||
| Beornred | 757 | 757 | |||||||||||
| Offa's full name was Offa Thincfrithing. He was son of Thingfrith, son of Eanwulf, son of Osmod, son of Eowa, brother of Penda. In 757, Offa took Hitchin into royal ownership. He also introduced the silver penny, codified laws and built a dyke to mark the border with Celtic Wales. Offa ruled all of England south of the Humber. He founded a monastery in Hitchin in 792 | Offa | 757 | 796 | ||||||||||
| Ecgfrith | 796 | 796 | |||||||||||
| Also called Ceonulf. Brother of Cuthred (of Kent) and Ceolwulf I. Scandinavian (Viking) raids began during his reign | Coenwulf | Cenelm | 798 | 811 | |||||||||
| Coenwulf | 811 | 821 | |||||||||||
| Brother of Cuthred (of Kent) and Coenwulf. In 821, Hitchin was given to the monastery, as Mercians began to lose control to the Vikings | Ceolwulf I | 821 | 823 | ||||||||||
| Beornwulf | 823 | 825 | |||||||||||
| Also called Ludeca | Ludecan | 825 | 827 | ||||||||||
| Wiglaf | 827 | 829 | |||||||||||
| Son of Ealhmund (of Kent). He took the title "King of All England" | Egbert (Wessex rule) | 829 | 830 | ||||||||||
| Wiglaf (again) | 830 | 839 | |||||||||||
| Wiglaf (again) | Wigmund | 839 | 840 | ||||||||||
| Wigstan was son of Wigmund. He inherited the throne in 840 but, declining the kingship, appointed his mother Aelfflaed as regent | Wigstan | Queen Aelfflaed | 840 | 840 | |||||||||
| Beorhtwulf | 840 | 852 | |||||||||||
| Burghred | 852 | 874 | |||||||||||
| Ceolwulf II | 874 | 883 | |||||||||||
| Aethelred II | 883 | 884 | |||||||||||
| Alfred was the 4th son of Ethelwulf, and father of Edward the Elder and Aethelflaed, who was the wife of Aethelred II (of Mercia). He had been extending Wessex northwards from its original border with Mercia along the Thames since his defeat by Guthrum in 878. During this time, the Danish Army began to settle in East Anglia | Alfred the Great (Wessex rule) | Aethelred II | 884 | 886 | |||||||||
| Viking kings of Anglia | |||||||||||||
| Guthrum took the name "Aethelstan" at his baptism. In 886, Hitchin fell into Danelaw by agreement between Guthrum and Alfred. The border between Danelaw and Wessex ran up the Thames, up the Lea to its source, then straight to Bedford, then up the Ouse to Watling Street | Guthrum I (Aethelstan) | 886 | 890 | ||||||||||
| Also called Eohric | Eric | 890 | 902 | ||||||||||
| Guthrum II | 902 | 914 | |||||||||||
| Kings of Wessex | |||||||||||||
| Son of Alfred and father of Athelstan, Aelfweard, Edmund I and Edred. In 914, Edward conquered Hitchin and took it back into royal ownership. In 918 Wessex absorbed the whole of Anglia and in 919, with the help of his sister Aethelflaed, he regained Mercia and Kent from the Danes | Edward the Elder | 914 | 924 | ||||||||||
| 2nd son of Edward the Elder. He reigned for only two weeks | Aelfweard | 924 | 924 | ||||||||||
| Eldest son of Edward the Elder. He was the first to be called "King of the English" | Athelstan (the Glorious) | 924 | 939 | ||||||||||
| 3rd son of Edward the Elder and father of Edwy and Edgar | Edmund I (the Magnificent) | 939 | 946 | ||||||||||
| 4th son of Edward the Elder. In 954, Wessex absorbed Northumbria, thus making Edred the first king of the whole of England | Edred | 946 | 955 | ||||||||||
| Kings of England | |||||||||||||
| Saxon kings | |||||||||||||
| Edwy (the Fair) | 955 | 959 | |||||||||||
| Under Edgar, the English kingdom finally became firmly established | Edgar I (the Peaceable) | 959 | 975 | ||||||||||
| Eldest son of Edgar, by Ethelfeda; murdered by his stepmother Elfrida | Edward the Martyr | 975 | 978 | ||||||||||
| 2nd son of Edgar by Elfrida, and father of Edmund II and Edward the Confessor. Renewed Danish attacks were successful in the face of Ethelred's inability to unite the English | Ethelred II (the Unready) | 978 | 1013 | ||||||||||
| Danish king | |||||||||||||
| A Danish king who landed at Sandwich and caused Ethelred to flee to Normandy | Sweyn (Forkbeard) (Danish rule) | 1013 | 1014 | ||||||||||
| Saxon kings | |||||||||||||
| Ethelred II (again) | 1014 | 1016 | |||||||||||
| Eldest son of Ethelred II by Aelflaed. He was killed in battle by Canute | Edmund II (Ironside) | 1016 | 1016 | ||||||||||
| Danish kings | |||||||||||||
| Also called Cnut. He was son of Sweyn, and father of Harold I and Hardicanute. He allowed Edmund to retain control of Wessex | Canute (the Great) | 1016 | 1035 | ||||||||||
| Canute's eldest son by Aelgifu (of Northampton) | Harold I (Harefoot) | 1035 | 1040 | ||||||||||
| Also called Harthacanute. He was Canute's youngest son by Emma of Normandy | Hardicanute | 1040 | 1042 | ||||||||||
| Saxon kings | |||||||||||||
| Youngest son of Ethelred II by Emma of Normandy. In 1051, during a quarrel with his father-in-law, Earl Godwin, Edward designated William of Normandy as his successor, but after Godwin's death in 1052, Godwin's son Harold gained favour with Edward. (Edward was canonized in 1161) | Edward the Confessor | 1042 | 1066 | ||||||||||
| Brother of Edward the Confessor's wife Eadgyth (or Edith) | Harold II (Godwinson) | 1066 | 1066 | ||||||||||
| Also called Edgar Aetheling. Son of Edward the Exile (or Edward Aetheling), son of Edmund II. He was elected king after Harold's death, but his failure to mount any cohesive military response to the Normans brought his 2-month (15 Oct.-10 Dec., 1066) reign to a swift end | Edgar II (the Outlaw) | 1066 | 1066 | ||||||||||
| Norman kings | |||||||||||||
| Duke of Normandy. Second cousin to Edward the Confessor. He defeated Harold at Hastings. | William I (the Conqueror) | 1066 | 1087 | ||||||||||
| 3rd son of William I, accidentally killed by arrow while hunting | William II (Rufus) | 1087 | 1100 | ||||||||||
| Youngest son of William I | Henry I (Beauclerc) | 1100 | 1135 | ||||||||||
| Stephen (Count of Blois) was son of Adela, daughter of William I | Stephen | 1135 | 1154 | ||||||||||
| House of Plantagenet | Regents | ||||||||||||
| Son of Godfrey Plantagenet (Angevin) and Matilda, daughter of Henry I; and father of Richard I and John. Married Eleanor of Aquitaine | Henry II (Curtmantle) | 1154 | 1189 | ||||||||||
| Richard was the eldest surviving son of Henry II. William acted as regent during Richard's absences during the Crusades, but his rule was contested by Richard's brother John, who eventually (1191) drove Longchamp from power. | Richard I (the Lionheart) | William Longchamp | 1189 | 1191 | |||||||||
| Richard I (the Lionheart) | John (Lackland) | 1191 | 1194 | ||||||||||
| Richard returned from the Crusades to re-take control of the country in 1194 | Richard I (the Lionheart) | 1194 | 1199 | ||||||||||
| Youngest son of Henry II. Signed the Magna Carta in 1215 | John (Lackland) | 1199 | 1216 | ||||||||||
| The Dauphin of France (and the future Louis VIII of France). He was offered the English throne by rebel barons (Oct. 18-28, 1216) | Louis | 1216 | 1216 | ||||||||||
| Henry was son of John. He acceded at age 9. His first regent, William, was 1st Earl of Pembroke | Henry III | William Marshal | 1216 | 1219 | |||||||||
| Henry's second regent, Hubert, was 1st Earl of Kent | Henry III | Hubert de Burgh | 1219 | 1227 | |||||||||
| Henry III | 1227 | 1272 | |||||||||||
| Son of Henry III | Edward I (Longshanks) | 1272 | 1307 | ||||||||||
| Eldest surviving son of Edward I. Deposed by Parliament | Edward II | 1307 | 1327 | ||||||||||
| Edward was the eldest son of Edward II. A regency council was headed by Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster during his minority | Edward III | Henry Plantagenet | 1327 | 1377 | |||||||||
| Son of Edward (the Black Prince), son of Edward III. Deposed by Parliament | Richard II | 1377 | 1399 | ||||||||||
| House of Lancaster | |||||||||||||
| Son of John of Gaunt (Duke of Lancaster), 4th son of Edward III. Chosen by Parliment as successor to Richard II | Henry IV (Bolingbroke) | 1399 | 1413 | ||||||||||
| Eldest son of Henry IV. Victor of the Battle of Agincourt | Henry V | 1413 | 1422 | ||||||||||
| Henry was the only son of Henry V. His first regent, John (Plantagenet), was Duke of Bedford and 2nd son of Henry IV | Henry VI | John of Lancaster | 1422 | 1435 | |||||||||
| Henry's second regent, Humphrey, was Duke of Gloucester and youngest son of Henry IV | Henry VI | Humphrey (Plantagenet) | 1435 | 1437 | |||||||||
| Henry ruled alone upon reaching the age of majority | Henry VI | 1437 | 1454 | ||||||||||
| During Henry's incapacity, his cousin Richard, 3rd Duke of York, ruled as regent | Henry VI | Richard Plantagenet | 1454 | 1456 | |||||||||
| Henry was deposed by Edward IV (Duke of York) after the defeat of the Lancastrians at Mortimer's Cross | Henry VI | 1456 | 1461 | ||||||||||
| House of York | |||||||||||||
| Son of Richard (Duke of York), son of Richard (Earl of Cambridge), son of Edmund (Duke of York), son of Edward III. He was also the father of Edward V and Elizabeth of York, the wife of Henry VII | Edward IV | 1461 | 1470 | ||||||||||
| House of Lancaster | |||||||||||||
| Restored to the throne by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick ("Warwick the Kingmaker"). Henry died in the Tower of London | Henry VI (again) | 1470 | 1471 | ||||||||||
| House of York | |||||||||||||
| Edward IV (again) | 1471 | 1483 | |||||||||||
| Edward was the eldest son of Edward IV. He was murdered in the Tower of London. His regent was his uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later to become Richard III) | Edward V | Richard (Crookback) | 1483 | 1483 | |||||||||
| Brother of Edward IV and son of Richard (Duke of York), son of Richard (Earl of Cambridge), son of Edmund (Duke of York), son of Edward III | Richard III (Crookback) | 1483 | 1485 | ||||||||||
| House of Tudor | |||||||||||||
| Son of Margaret Beaufort, daughter of John Beaufort (Duke of Somerset), son of John Beaufort (Marquess of Somerset), son of John of Gaunt (Duke of Lancaster), son of Edward III; he was also son of Edmund Tudor (Earl of Richmond), son of Owen Tudor, husband of Catherine (who was the widow of Henry V) | Henry VII | 1485 | 1509 | ||||||||||
| Only surviving son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV. He was also father of Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I | Henry VIII | 1509 | 1544 | ||||||||||
| July-Sept. 1544 - Catherine Parr was appointed regent by Henry while he was in France | Henry VIII | Queen Catherine | 1544 | 1544 | |||||||||
| Henry VIII | 1544 | 1547 | |||||||||||
| Edward was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. His first regent was his uncle, Edward, 1st Duke of Somerset | Edward VI | Edward Seymour | 1547 | 1550 | |||||||||
| Edward's second regent was John, 1st Duke of Northumberland. Edward named John's daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, as his successor | Edward VI | John Dudley | 1550 | 1553 | |||||||||
| Lady Jane Grey, the "Nine Days' Queen" (July 10-19, 1553) was eldest daughter of Henry Grey (Marquess of Dorset) and Lady Frances Brandon. She married Lord Guilford Dudley, son of John Dudley. She was nominated as heir by Edward VI in attempt to secure Protestant succession. Beheaded by Mary for treason, Feb. 1554 | Queen Jane | 1553 | 1553 | ||||||||||
| Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon | Queen Mary I | 1553 | 1558 | ||||||||||
| Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn | Queen Elizabeth I | 1558 | 1603 | ||||||||||
| House of Stuart | |||||||||||||
| Son of Mary Queen of Scots, daughter of James V of Scotland, son of Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII; he was also son of Henry Stewart (Lord Darnley), son of Margaret Stewart, daughter of Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII | James I | 1603 | 1625 | ||||||||||
| Only surviving son of James I. Beheaded | Charles I | 1625 | 1649 | ||||||||||
| Commonwealth and Protectorate | |||||||||||||
| Commonwealth (1649-1653) and Protectorate (1653-1658) | Oliver Cromwell | 1649 | 1658 | ||||||||||
| Protectorate. Richard was the 3rd son of Oliver | Richard Cromwell | 1658 | 1659 | ||||||||||
| Kings of England | |||||||||||||
| House of Stuart | |||||||||||||
| Eldest son of Charles I. Had no children | Charles II | 1660 | 1685 | ||||||||||
| 2nd son of Charles I and father of Mary II and Anne. Deposed | James II | 1685 | 1689 | ||||||||||
| House of Orange | |||||||||||||
| William (husband of Mary II) was the son of William (Prince of Orange) and Mary (Princess Royal), daughter of Charles I. Mary II was the eldest daughter of James II | William III (of Orange) & Queen Mary II | 1689 | 1694 | ||||||||||
| Reigned alone after death of Mary II. Until 1698, in William's absence during the Nine Years' War, the kingdom was administered by a council of seven Lord Justices ("Lords Regent") | William III | 1694 | 1702 | ||||||||||
| 2nd daughter of James II. Died with no living heirs | Queen Anne | 1702 | 1714 | ||||||||||
| House of Hanover | |||||||||||||
| George was son of Ernest Augustus (Elector of Hanover) and Sophia Wittelsbach, daughter of Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James I. He was proclaimed king under the Act of Settlement. Baron Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield and Lord Chief Justice, was designated regent until George was able to return from Germany (1 Aug.-18 Sept., 1714) | George I | Thomas Parker | 1714 | 1714 | |||||||||
| George I | 1714 | 1727 | |||||||||||
| Only son of George I, married Caroline of Brandenburg | George II | 1727 | 1760 | ||||||||||
| Son of Frederick (Duke of Edinburgh), son of George II, and father of George IV, William IV and Edward (Duke of Kent). Married Charlotte of Mecklenburg | George III | 1760 | 1811 | ||||||||||
| Prince George (later George IV) was the eldest son of George III. He acted as Prince Regent during his father's mental illness | George III | Prince George | 1811 | 1820 | |||||||||
| Eldest son of George III | George IV | 1820 | 1830 | ||||||||||
| 3rd son of George III, married Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen | William IV | 1830 | 1837 | ||||||||||
| Daughter of Edward (Duke of Kent), 4th son of George III. Married (1840) Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became Prince Consort | Queen Victoria | 1837 | 1901 | ||||||||||
| House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha | |||||||||||||
| Eldest son of Victoria. Married Alexandra, Princess of Denmark | Edward VII | 1901 | 1910 | ||||||||||
| House of Windsor | |||||||||||||
| 2nd son of Edward VII and father of Edward VIII and George VI. Married Princess Mary of Teck | George V | 1910 | 1936 | ||||||||||
| Eldest son of George V | Edward VIII | 1936 | 1936 | ||||||||||
| 2nd son of George V, Duke of York; married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon | George VI | 1936 | 1952 | ||||||||||
| Elder daughter of George VI | Queen Elizabeth II | 1952 | ? |