The Kings of Hitchin

Hitchin – a town that always seems to be on the fold of the map, not quite in the Anglia TV region, not quite in the London area, just annoyingly out of range of most of the London local radio stations, straddling the line between Heart’s Luton and Bedford radio transmitter areas – the list goes on and on. And when I was looking at a map of the ancient Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, it was the same old story – Hitchin seemed to be at the “triple-point” between Mercia, Anglia and Essex, and later right on the border between Danelaw and Wessex!

So a bit of investigation was needed: which kingdom (or kingdoms) was Hitchin actually in during these times? This chart shows not only who was the “King of Hitchin” during Anglo-Saxon times but also in the pre-Roman era of the Ancient Britons (the tribe of the Catuvellauni in Hitchin’s case), and way back to the earliest legendary kings, as named by Geoffrey of Monmouth and others (BC dates are, of course, pretty much guesswork and may differ from those given in other sources).

Also included are some of the less-well-known monarchs, who often get omitted from “official” lists because they were never actually crowned, but I have included them for completeness. Examples include Lady Jane Grey (1553), who you have probably heard of, and King Louis (1216) and Edgar the Outlaw (1066), who you may not have. I have also included sub-kings and regents, lists of the Roman emperors during the times when Britain was part of the Roman Empire and the Roman governors of Britannia at the time.

NotesName of Monarch FromTo
     
 Celtic kings   
     
Also called Meshech or Dis. According to legend, he was the fourth son of Japheth, son of Noah. Britain was named "Samothea" after himSamothes 2104 BC2057 BC
Son of SamothesMagus 2057 BC2010 BC
Also called Sarronius; son of MagusSaron 2010 BC1962 BC
Also called Druiyys; son of Saron; founder of the DruidsDruis 1962 BC1915 BC
Son of Druis; founder of the bardsBardus I 1915 BC1868 BC
 Longho 1868 BC1821 BC
 Bardus II 1821 BC1773 BC
 Lucus 1773 BC1726 BC
The Celts derived their name from himCeltes 1726 BC1721 BC
     
 Trojan kings   
     
According to legend, he was the son of Neptune; Britain was re-named "Albion" after himAlbion  1721 BC1677 BC
 Hercules Lybicus 1677 BC1677 BC
 Celtes (again) 1677 BC1674 BC
 Galates I 1674 BC1635 BC
 Harbon 1635 BC1595 BC
 Lugdus 1595 BC1556 BC
Also called Nausithous the Magnificent Beligius 1556 BC1517 BC
Also called Rhexenor Iasius 1517 BC1477 BC
Also called Alcinous Allobrox 1477 BC1438 BC
 Romus 1438 BC1399 BC
 Paris 1399 BC1360 BC
Also called Laodamas Lemanus 1360 BC1320 BC
 Olbius 1320 BC1281 BC
Also called Gogmagog. Could have been two kings - Gog and Magog. By legend, Magog was the son of Japheth, son of NoahGalates II 1281 BC1242 BC
 Nannes 1242 BC1202 BC
 Remis 1202 BC1202 BC
 Francus 1163 BC1148 BC
The Picts derive their name from himPictus 1148 BC1121 BC
     
 Brythonic kings   
     
 House of Troy   
     
Also called Bryt or Brute. Brutus sailed from Troy after the Trojan War to Britain where he founded a second Troy - Troia Nova (Trinovantum). Britain derives its name from himBrutus I 1121 BC1098 BC
Also called Locrine or Loegr, which is the Welsh name for "England". Son of Brutus and brother of Kamber, king of Wales (Cambria/Cymru) and Alban, king of Scotland (Albany)Locrinus 1098 BC1088 BC
Wife of Locrinus and daughter of Corineus, king of Cornwall (Cornwall derives its name from Corineus)Queen Gwendolen 1088 BC1073 BC
Also called Madan. Son of Locrinus and GwendolenMaddan 1073 BC1033 BC
Also called Meinbyr, Son of MaddanMempricius 1033 BC1013 BC
Also called Efrauc or Ebranck. Eboracum (the Roman name for York) derives its name from himEbraucus 1013 BC973 BC
Also called Bryttys Darian LasBrutus II (Greenshield) 973 BC961 BC
Carlisle derives its name from himLeil 961 BC936 BC
Also called Run Baladr Bras. Son of LeilRud Hud Hudibras 936 BC897 BC
Also called Blaedud; son of Rud Hud HudibrasBladud 897 BC877 BC
Shakespeare's King Lear. Leicester derives its name from himLeir 877 BC817 BC
Also called Creiddylad. Daugher of LeirQueen Cordelia 817 BC812 BC
Maglaunus was Duke of Albany (Scotland); Henwinus was Duke of Cornwall; both were sons-in-law of LeirMaglaurus and Henwinus 812 BC809 BC
 Leir (again) 809 BC806 BC
Also called CordeillaQueen Cordelia (again) 806 BC801 BC
     
 House of Cornwall   
     
 Cunedagius (Southumbria) 801 BC799 BC
Cunedagius was also called Cunedag or Kynedda; son of HenwinusCunedagius 799 BC764 BC
Also called Rival or RriallonRivallo 764 BC722 BC
Also called GurgustGurgustius  722 BC680 BC
Also called SilviusSisillius I 680 BC639 BC
 Jago 639 BC597 BC
Also called Kinmarcus or KimmacusKimarcus 597 BC555 BC
Also called Gorbodug or GwrvywGorboduc 555 BC513 BC
Ferrex and Porrex were sons of GorboducFerrex and Porrex I 513 BC472 BC
Also called Pinor and/or Ymner. During Pinner's reign, civil war raged between Pinner (king of Loegria/England), Rudaucus (Cambria/Wales), Staterius (Albany/Scotland) and Cloten (Cornwall)Pinner  472 BC430 BC
Also called Klydno. Winner of the civil warCloten 430 BC420 BC
Also called Dyfual Moel Myd. Son of ClotenDunvallo Molmutius 420 BC380 BC
Son of Dunvallo. During this time, Cambria was divided into Dimetia (S. Wales) and Venedotia (N. Wales)Belinus (the Great) (Southumbria) 380 BC377 BC
Billingsgate derives its name from himBelinus 377 BC374 BC
Also called Gurguint or Gwrgant Varf Drwch. Son of BelinusGurguit Barbtruc 374 BC369 BC
Also called Guintelyn or Kyhylyn. Son of GurguitGuithelin 369 BC363 BC
Regent for and wife of Guithelin; Mercia derives its name from herQueen Marcia 363 BC358 BC
Also called Saessyllt. Son of Guithelin and MarciaSisillius II 358 BC352 BC
Also called Kimarus; son of SisilliusKinarius 352 BC347 BC
Also called Elanius; son of SisilliusDanius 347 BC341 BC
Also called Morindus or Morydd; son of DaniusMorvidus 341 BC332 BC
Also called Gorboman or GwrviniawGorbonianus 332 BC326 BC
Also called Archigallo, Arthgallo or Arthal; brother of GorbonianusArchgallo  326 BC322 BC
Also called Elidyr; brother of GorbonianusElidurus (the Dutiful) 322 BC317 BC
 Archgallo (again) 317 BC307 BC
 Elidurus (again) 307 BC302 BC
Ingenius was also called Vigenius; brother of GorbonianusIngenius (Southumbria) 302 BC295 BC
Also called Peridurus, Peredure or Peredyr; brother of GorbonianusPeredurus 295 BC292 BC
 Elidurus (again) 292 BC287 BC
Son of GorbonianusUnnamed king 287 BC285 BC
Also called Morgan; son of ArthgalloMarganus II 285 BC280 BC
Also called Emerianus. He was deposedEnniaunus 280 BC274 BC
Also called Ydwallo; son of IngeniusIdvallo 274 BC261 BC
Also called Runno or Rimo; son of PeredureRuno 261 BC248 BC
Also called Geruntius. Son of ElidurusGerennus 248 BC235 BC
Also called GatellusCatellus 235 BC222 BC
Also called Coillus or CoilusMillus 222 BC210 BC
 Porrex II 210 BC197 BC
Also called CherimusCherin 197 BC184 BC
Also called FulgentiusFulgenius 184 BC171 BC
Also called EldredEdadus 171 BC159 BC
Also called AndrogeusAndragius 159 BC146 BC
 Urianus 146 BC133 BC
     
 Kings chosen by lot   
     
Also called ElihudEliud 133 BC128 BC
Also called DedantiusCledaucus 128 BC123 BC
Also called Cletonus or DetonusClotenus 123 BC121 BC
Also called GurguineusGurgintius 121 BC118 BC
 Merianus 118 BC116 BC
Also called Bleduno or BleduusBledudo 116 BC114 BC
Also called CapenusCap 114 BC111 BC
Also called OvinusOenus 111 BC109 BC
 Sisillius III 109 BC107 BC
     
 House of Beldgabred   
     
Also called Blegabred or BledgabedrusBeldgabred 107 BC97 BC
Also called Arthmail or ArchimalusArchmail 97 BC95 BC
     
 Kings chosen by lot   
     
Also called EldolusEldol 95 BC91 BC
Also called Redion or RodianusRedon 91 BC89 BC
Also called Rederchius or RedargiusRedechius 89 BC86 BC
Also called Samuil Penissel. Could have been two kings - Samuil/Samulius (86-84 BC) and Pennessil/Penisillus (84-81 BC)Samuilpenissel 86 BC81 BC
Also called PyrrhusPir 81 BC79 BC
     
 House of Capoir   
     
Also called CaporiusCapoir 79 BC77 BC
Also called Dinellus or CligueillusDigueillus 77 BC73 BC
Also called Beli MawrHeli 73 BC72 BC
Also called Lludd Llaw Ereint. Son of Heli. London and Ludgate are named after LudLud 72 BC61 BC
     
 CatuvellauniSub-Kings  
     
Also called Caswallon, Cassibellan, Cassibellaun or Kasswallawn. Son of Heli. The Catuvellauni derive their name from Cassivellaunus. Their capital was in Verulamium (St. Albans)Cassivelaunus 61 BC48 BC
Son of CassivellaunusUnnamed king 48 BC20 BC
Also called Tenvantius; son of LudTasciovanus 20 BC15 BC
 TasciovanusAndocomius, Dias, Rues and Segovax15 BCAD 10
Also called Cunobelinus or Kynvelyn. Shakespeare's Cymbeline. Had been brought up by Augustus CaesarCunobelin AD 10AD 25
 CunobelinEpaticcus2535
 CunobelinAdminius3540 Roman Emperors FromTo Roman Governors of BritanniaFromTo
Also called Guiderius or Gwydr; son of Cunobelin, born AD 35; Claudius emperor (41-54)Togodumnus 4043         
Born Tiberius Claudius Drusus; official name Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Grandson of Mark Antony. AD 43 - Invasion of Britain     Claudius I 4154    
Also called Caractacus. Son of CunobelinCaratacus 4351         
              
 British leaders during Roman rule            
              
Married Boudicca (Boadicea), Queen of the IceniPrasutagus 5161      Aulus Didius Gallus5257
Nero was born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; official name Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus (or Drusus) Germanicus     Nero  5468 Quintus Veranius5758
           Gaius Suetonius Paulinus5862
Also called Gweyrydd. Son of CunobelinArviragus  6174      Publius Petronius Turpilianus6263
Galba was born Servius Sulpicius Galba; official name Servius Sulpicius Galba Caesar Augustus      Galba  6869 Marcus Trebellius Maximus6369
Otho was born Marcus Salvius Otho; official name Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus      Otho 6969    
Vitellius was born Aulus Vitellius; official name Aulus Vitellius Germanicus     Vitellius  6969    
Vespasian was born Titus Flavius Vespasianus; official name Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus. Father of Titus and Domitian     Vespasian  6979 Marcus Vettius Bolanus6971
           Quintus Petillius Cerialis7174
Also called Meurig or Mayric, after whom Westmorland ("West Meurig Land") is namedMarius 74125      Sextus Julius Frontinus7478
Titus was born Titus Flavius Vespasianus; official name Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus. Eldest son of Vespasian     Titus  7981 Gnaeus Julius Agricola7884
Domitian was born Titus Flavius Domitianus; official name Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus. Youngest son of Vespasian     Domitian  8196 Sallustius Lucullus8489
           Aulus Vicirius Proculus8996
Nerva's full name was Marcus Cocceius Nerva     Nerva  9698 Publius Metilius Nepos9697
Trajan was born Marcus Ulpius Traianus; official name Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus     Trajan  98117 Tiberius (or Titus) Avidius Quietus97101
           Lucius Neratius Marcellus101103
           Unnamed governor103115
           Marcus Appius Bradua115118
Hadrian was born Publius Aelius Hadrianus; official name Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus. Built Hadrian's Wall between Deira and Albany in AD 122     Hadrian  117138 Quintus Pompeius Falco118122
           Aulus Platorius Nepos122125
Also called Coel I. Son of MariusCoilus 125150      Trebius Germanus125131
           Sextus Julius Severus131133
           Publius Mummius Sisenna133136
           Tiberius Claudius Quartinus136138
Antoninus was born Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus; official name Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus. Built the Antonine Wall in AD 142, in an attempt to extend Roman territory and dominance      Antoninus (Pius) 138161 Quintus Lollius Urbicus138144
           Gnaeus Papirius Aelianus144147
           Unnamed governor147154
Also called Lleirwg Mawr. Son of CoilusLucius 150180      Gnaeus Julius Verus154158
           Longinus158161
Lucius Verus was born Lucius Ceionius Commodus; official name Lucius Aurelius Verus     Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus 161166 Marcus Statius Priscus161163
           Sextus Calpurnius Agricola163166
Marcus Aurelius was born Marcus Annius Verus; official name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus. Adopted son of Antoninus Pius and father of Commodus     Marcus Aurelius  166180 Unnamed governor166175
           Quintus Antistius Adventus175178
           Carellius Priscus178181
Commodus was born Lucius Aurelius Commodus; official name Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus, then Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus. Son of Marcus AureliusDirect Roman rule 180208 Commodus  180192 Lucius Ulpius Marcellus181185
           Publius Helvius Pertinax185187
           Unnamed governor187191
Pertinax's full name was Publius Helvius Pertinax     Pertinax  192193 Decimus Clodius Albinus191197
Marcus Didius Severus Julianus     Didius Julianus  193193    
Severus was born Lucius Septimius Severus; official name Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax. Father of Caracalla and Geta. 196 - Clodius Albinus (Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus), a Roman general in Britain, was proclaimed emperor by the legions in Britain but was killed by Severus's army at the Battle of Lugdunum (Lyon) in 197     Septimius Severus (Severus I) 193211 Virius Lupus197202
           Marcus Antius Crescens Calpurnianus202202
 British leader during Roman rule         Gaius Valerius Pudens202205
           Lucius Alfenus Senecio205208
Sulgenius was also called Argentocoxos or Fulgenius. He was an anti–Roman resistance leaderSulgenius 208211         
Geta's full name was Publius Septimius Geta. He was the younger son of Septimius Severus          Caracalla and Geta208211
              
In 211, Britain was divided into two provinces: Britannia Superior (capital at London) and Britannia Inferior (capital at York)Direct Roman rule 211286      Roman Governors of Britannia Superior  
              
Caracalla was born Lucius Septimius Bassianus Caracalla; official name Marcus Aurelius (Severus) Antoninus. Elder son of Severus I. Geta fought with Caracalla and was killed by him     Caracalla 211217 Caracalla211222
Macrinus was born Marcus Opellius Macrinus; official name Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus. Father of Diadumenianus     Macrinus  217218    
Diadumenian was born Marcus Opellius Diadumenianus; official name Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus. Son of Macrinus     Macrinus and Diadumenian 218218    
Born Varius Avitus Bassianus; official name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Also known as Heliogabalus      Elagabalus  218222    
Alexander Severus was born Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus; official name Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander     Alexander Severus 222235 Tiberius (or Titus) Julius Pollienus Auspex222226
           Gaius (or Caius) Junius Faustinus Postumianus226235
Maximinus I's full name was Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus     Maximinus I (Thrax) 235238 Rufinus235240
Gordian I's full name was Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus. Father of Gordian II and grandfather of Gordian III     Gordian I  238238    
Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus. Son of Gordian I     Gordian II  238238    
Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus and Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus Pius     Pupienus and Balbinus 238238    
Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius. Son of Antonia Gordiana, daughter of Gordian I     Gordian III  238244    
           Marcus Martiannus Pulcher240253
              
Marcus Julius Philippus. Father of Philip Iunior     Philip the Arab  244247    
Philip Iunior was the son of Philip the Arab     Philip the Arab and Philip Iunior  247249    
Born Gaius Messius Quintus Decius; official name Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius     Decius  249251    
Herennius Etruscus's full name was Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius. Elder son of Decius     Decius and Herennius Etruscus 251251 Titus Desticius Juba253255
Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus. Younger son of Decius     Hostilian 251251 Unnamed governor255269
Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus and his son Gaius Vibius Volusianus      Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus 251253    
Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus     Aemilian 253253    
Valerian's full name was Publius Licinius Valerianus. Father of Gallienus     Valerian and Gallienus  253260    
Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus. Son of Valerian     Gallienus  260268 Roman Governor of Britannia  
Marcus Aurelius Claudius     Claudius II (Gothicus) 268270    
269 - Due to a series of imperial rebellions, Britain was once again governed as a single country          Unnamed governor269296
Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus. Brother of Claudius II     Quintillus 270270    
Lucius Domitius Aurelianus     Aurelian  270275    
Marcus Claudius Tacitus. Half-brother of Florian     Tacitus  275276    
Marcus Annius Florianus. Half-brother of Tacitus     Florian 276276    
Marcus Aurelius Probus     Probus  276282    
Marcus Aurelius Carus. Father of Carinus and Numerian     Carus  282283    
              
      Augusti in West       
              
Marcus Aurelius Carinus. Elder son of Carus     Carinus 283285    
              
 British leaders during Roman rule     Caesari of the Western Empire      
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius. Father of Maxentius     Maximian 285286    
Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius. Proclaimed himself emperor of BritainCarausius 286293 MaximianCarausius (Britain and Gaul)286293    
293 - the Tetrarchy (4 emperors) was introduced. Allectus's full name was Caius Allectus. He killed Carausius and assumed command of BritainAllectus 293296 MaximianAllectus (Britain and Gaul)293296    
Constantius I's full name was Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius Chlorus. Father of Constantine I and son-in-law of Coel II. Died at York     MaximianConstantius I (Chlorus)296305 Roman Vicarii of Britannia  
296 - Britain was divided into four provinces: Maxima Caesariensis (capital at London), Flavia Caesariensis (capital at Lincoln), Britannia Prima (capital at Cirencester) and Britannia Secunda (capital at York), each with its own "rector", but with a "vicarius" of Britain overseeing all of them             
Also called Alyssglapitwlws. Duke of Cornwall. 303 - St. Alban martyredAsclepiodotus 296305      Unnamed vicarius296319
              
 House of the Votadini            
              
Also called Coel II (the legendary “Old King Cole”), after whom Colchester was named. He reigned for only eight daysCoel Hen Godhebog (the Magnificent) 305305         
              
Severus II's full name was Flavius Valerius SeverusDirect Roman rule 305312 Constantius I (Chlorus)Severus II305306    
              
Constantine I's full name was Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus. Son of Constantius I and father of Constantine II, Constantius II, Constans I and Crispus. 312 - Constantine won a decisive victory over Maxentius in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, making him the sole ruler of the western half of the empire. He made Christianity the state religionHouse of the Gewissei    Severus IIConstantine I (the Great) vs. Maxentius306307    
Maxentius's full name was Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius. Son of Maximianus Herculius     Constantine I (the Great) vs. Maxentius 307312    
Also called Eudaf Hen or Eydaf HenOctavius (the Old) 312312         
              
 House of the Votadini            
              
 Trahern 312313 Constantine I (the Great) 312317    
              
 House of the Gewissei            
              
 Octavius (again) 313383         
Crispus's full name was Flavius (or Claudius or Valerius) Crispus. Son of Constantine I     Constantine I (the Great)Crispus317326 Pacatianus319353
Martinian's full name was Sextus Marcius Martinianus      Constantine I (the Great) 326337    
Constantine II's full name was Flavius Claudius Constantinus. Eldest son of Constantine I     Constans I (Italy and Greece) and Constantine II (Britain, France and Spain) 337340    
Flavius Julius Constans. Youngest son of Constantine I     Constans I  340350    
              
      Roman Emperors       
              
      Constantius II 350361 Flavius Martinus353361
Flavius Claudius Julianus. Son of Julius Constantius, half-brother of Constantine I     Julian (the Apostate) 361363 Alypius (of Antioch)361363
Flavius Jovianus     Jovian  363364    
Flavius Valentinianus. Brother of Valens and father of Gratian and Valentinian II     Valentinian I 364364    
              
      Augusti of the Western Empire       
              
      Valentinian I 364367    
Gratian's full name was Flavius Gratianus. Elder son of Valentinian I, who proclaimed him co-Augustus. In 369, the Roman general Flavius Theodosius (later to become the emperor Theodosius I) regained the area between Hadrian's Wall and the Antonine Wall, which became a separate province called ValentiaHouse of the Votadini    Gratian (Britain, France and Spain) 367383 Unnamed vicarius363369
           Civilis369395
Maximianus was also called Macsen Wledig; nephew of Coel. Killed Valentinian and forced Gratian to flee Rome, becoming emperor himself (383-388). The reorganisations of Maximianus and his subsequent withdrawal of troops from Britain virtually signals the end of Roman rule over the island. From this point on, all of Britain's High Kings originate from within the country itselfMaximianus (Magnus Clemens Maximus) 383390 Valentinian II 383392    
 House of the Dumnonii            
      Roman Emperors       
Also called Coel Hen Kradawc; duke of CornwallCaradocus 390400        
Theodosius's full name was Flavius Theodosius. He was the father of Honorius     Theodosius I (the Great) 392393 Victorinus395400
      Theodosius I (the Great)Honorius393395    
              
395 - the Roman Empire was partitioned into Eastern and Western Empires     Emperors of the Western Roman Empire       
              
Flavius Honorius. Younger son of Theodosius I     Honorius 395407    
Dionotus's full name was Marcus Dionotus. Duke of CornwallDionotus 400407      Chrysanthus400406
              
 Usurping British ruler            
              
Also called Gratian. 408 - Britain's vicarius returned to RomeGracianus Municeps (the Freedman) 407407      Unnamed vicarius406408
              
 House of Brittany            
              
Also called Custennin/Kystennin ap Selyf. Although he was known as Constantine II of Britain in British legend, he was also the Western Roman usurper-emperor Constantine III. In 407 he left Britain to fight Honorius, taking with him all of the mobile troops left in BritainConstantine II 407409 Constantine III 407409    
     
409 - Withdrawal of the remaining Roman legions to the defence of Rome allowed the former Celtic tribal associations to re-emerge as independent kingdoms developing over the course of the 5th and 6th centuriesIsolated Romano-British establishment   
     
 House of Brittany   
     
Also called Owen or Konstant Vynarch. He was the eldest son of Constantine II (the Roman usurper Constantine III) and was appointed co-emperor (Constans II) by him. In 410, the leaders of the Romano-Celts sent a letter to the Roman Emperor Honorius, appealing for help. However he had no troops to spare and told the Britons they must defend themselvesConstans 409425
     
 House of the Gewissei   
     
Also called Wyrtgeorne, Guorthigirn, Vitalinus or Gwrtheyrn Gwrthenav. Between 446 and 454, Vortigern used the Jute mercenaries Hengist and his brother Horsa (later kings of Kent) to defeat the Picts. He married the daughter of HengistVortigern 425466
Also called Guorthemer. Son of VortigernVortimer 466471
After heavy fighting, the political leaders of the British were assassinated. Many of the surviving nobility emigrated to GaulVortigern (again) 471480
     
 House of Brittany   
     
Also called Ambrosius Aurelanius, Emrys Wledic or Embreis Guletic. The British make a comeback under his leadership. Aurelius was killed by EopaAurelius Ambrosius  480488
Also called Ythr Ben Dragwn; brother of Aurelius. Married Igraine (Eigyr)Uther Pendragon 488496
Also called Owen Ddantgwyn. Son of Uther and father of Cuneglasus (Mordred) by his sister Morgause. Married Guinevere (Gwenhwyfar). The legendary King Arthur of Camelot became king at age 15. He won a victory over the Saxons at the Battle of Mount Badon. After his death, central government disintegrated and the regions fell into the power of warlords. During this time, Icel led the first group of Angles across the North Sea into central BritainArthur 496520
Also called Cyngen (from which we get the word "king") or Mordred. Son of Arthur. Proclaimed himself kingCuneglasus 520537
     
 House of the Dumnonii   
     
Also called Bendegit CustenninConstantine III  537538
     
 House of Brittany   
     
Also called Aurelius Caninus or Kynan Wledic. Nephew of ConstantineAurelius Conanus 538539
     
 House of Dyfed   
     
Also called GwrthefyrVortiporius 539540
Also called Maelgwn Gwynedd or Maelgwn HirMalgo  540549
     
 House of Wessex   
     
Also called Keredic I or CareticusCerdic 549554
     
 House of Gwynedd   
     
c. 550 - the Saxons advanced rapidly westwards; the Angles also advanced, taking large swathes of Central and Northern BritainMorgan Bulc 554560
     
 Anglo-Saxon kings   
     
 King of Anglia   
     
Wehha's full name was Wehha Wilhelming. The Anglian tribe of Gifle travelled down River Ifle (Ivel) and set up home in North Ifle (Northill) and South Ifle (Southill)Wehha c. 560571
     
 King of Wessex   
     
Ceawlin's General Cuthwulf of Wessex captured the area in AD 571 after a battle at BedfordCeawlin 571584
     
 Kings of Essex   
     
By 584, Essex had expanded to cover most of Hertfordshire. The Gifle sub-tribe of Hicce travelled south and set up home in Hitching (Hicce's place), Hexton (Hicce's town), Hitch Wood and along the rivers Hit and HizAescwine 584587
Also called Sledd; son of Aescwine. Around this time, the local native ancient Britons (Brit-Weals) were forced to live in Walsworth, (St. Paul's and King's) Walden and Wain (a contraction of "Walden") WoodSledda 587604
Also called Saebert or Saebryht; son of Sledda. He was also son of Ricula, daughter of Irminric (who was the father of Ethelbert of Kent), son of Oisc, son of Hengist, son of Wihtgals, son of Witta, son of Woden, and father of Saeward and SeaxredSaeberht 604616
Saeward was son of SaebehrtSaeward 616616
     
 Kings of AngliaSub-Kings  
     
Elder son of Tyttla and the father of Eorpwald, Sigbehrt and Ecgric. He conquered the Hicce in 616Raedwald 616617
 RaedwaldEni617624
 Eorpwald 624627
 Ricberht  627629
 SigberhtEcgric629634
 Ecgric 634636
 Anna 636654
     
 Kings of Mercia   
     
654 - Penda defeated Anna, conquered the Hicce, and named Ickleford after his ancestor Icel. Penda was the father of Peada, Wulfhere and Aethelred IPendaPeada (Southern Mercia)654655
Penda was killed by Oswiu at the Battle of Winwaed. Oswiu allowed Penda's son Peada to continue to rule that part of Mercia south of the River TrentOswiu (Bernician rule)Peada (Southern Mercia)655656
 Oswiu (Bernician rule) 656658
A Mercian revolt in 658 saw the end of Northumbrian rule. Wulfhere (or Wulfred) was son of Penda. He used a route through Hitchin to conquer parts of Essex and MiddlesexWulfhere 658675
 Aethelred IBerthwald (Southern Mercia)675685
 Aethelred I 685704
 Coenred 704709
 Coelred 709716
 Coelwald 716716
Took control of MiddlesexAethelbald 716757
 Beornred 757757
Offa's full name was Offa Thincfrithing. He was son of Thingfrith, son of Eanwulf, son of Osmod, son of Eowa, brother of Penda. In 757, Offa took Hitchin into royal ownership. He also introduced the silver penny, codified laws and built a dyke to mark the border with Celtic Wales. Offa ruled all of England south of the Humber. He founded a monastery in Hitchin in 792Offa 757796
 Ecgfrith 796796
Also called Ceonulf. Brother of Cuthred (of Kent) and Ceolwulf I. Scandinavian (Viking) raids began during his reignCoenwulfCenelm798811
 Coenwulf 811821
Brother of Cuthred (of Kent) and Coenwulf. In 821, Hitchin was given to the monastery, as Mercians began to lose control to the VikingsCeolwulf I 821823
 Beornwulf 823825
Also called LudecaLudecan 825827
 Wiglaf 827829
Son of Ealhmund (of Kent). He took the title "King of All England"Egbert (Wessex rule) 829830
 Wiglaf (again) 830839
 Wiglaf (again)Wigmund839840
Wigstan was son of Wigmund. He inherited the throne in 840 but, declining the kingship, appointed his mother Aelfflaed as regentWigstanQueen Aelfflaed840840
 Beorhtwulf 840852
 Burghred 852874
 Ceolwulf II 874883
 Aethelred II 883884
Alfred was the 4th son of Ethelwulf, and father of Edward the Elder and Aethelflaed, who was the wife of Aethelred II (of Mercia). He had been extending Wessex northwards from its original border with Mercia along the Thames since his defeat by Guthrum in 878. During this time, the Danish Army began to settle in East AngliaAlfred the Great (Wessex rule)Aethelred II884886
     
 Viking kings of Anglia   
     
Guthrum took the name "Aethelstan" at his baptism. In 886, Hitchin fell into Danelaw by agreement between Guthrum and Alfred. The border between Danelaw and Wessex ran up the Thames, up the Lea to its source, then straight to Bedford, then up the Ouse to Watling StreetGuthrum I (Aethelstan) 886890
Also called EohricEric 890902
 Guthrum II 902914
     
 Kings of Wessex   
     
Son of Alfred and father of Athelstan, Aelfweard, Edmund I and Edred. In 914, Edward conquered Hitchin and took it back into royal ownership. In 918 Wessex absorbed the whole of Anglia and in 919, with the help of his sister Aethelflaed, he regained Mercia and Kent from the DanesEdward the Elder 914924
2nd son of Edward the Elder. He reigned for only two weeksAelfweard 924924
Eldest son of Edward the Elder. He was the first to be called "King of the English"Athelstan (the Glorious) 924939
3rd son of Edward the Elder and father of Edwy and EdgarEdmund I (the Magnificent) 939946
4th son of Edward the Elder. In 954, Wessex absorbed Northumbria, thus making Edred the first king of the whole of EnglandEdred 946955
     
 Kings of England   
     
 Saxon kings   
     
 Edwy (the Fair) 955959
Under Edgar, the English kingdom finally became firmly establishedEdgar I (the Peaceable) 959975
Eldest son of Edgar, by Ethelfeda; murdered by his stepmother ElfridaEdward the Martyr 975978
2nd son of Edgar by Elfrida, and father of Edmund II and Edward the Confessor. Renewed Danish attacks were successful in the face of Ethelred's inability to unite the EnglishEthelred II (the Unready) 9781013
     
 Danish king   
     
A Danish king who landed at Sandwich and caused Ethelred to flee to NormandySweyn (Forkbeard) (Danish rule) 10131014
     
 Saxon kings   
     
 Ethelred II (again) 10141016
Eldest son of Ethelred II by Aelflaed. He was killed in battle by CanuteEdmund II (Ironside) 10161016
     
 Danish kings   
     
Also called Cnut. He was son of Sweyn, and father of Harold I and Hardicanute. He allowed Edmund to retain control of WessexCanute (the Great) 10161035
Canute's eldest son by Aelgifu (of Northampton)Harold I (Harefoot) 10351040
Also called Harthacanute. He was Canute's youngest son by Emma of NormandyHardicanute 10401042
     
 Saxon kings   
     
Youngest son of Ethelred II by Emma of Normandy. In 1051, during a quarrel with his father-in-law, Earl Godwin, Edward designated William of Normandy as his successor, but after Godwin's death in 1052, Godwin's son Harold gained favour with Edward. (Edward was canonized in 1161)Edward the Confessor 10421066
Brother of Edward the Confessor's wife Eadgyth (or Edith)Harold II (Godwinson) 10661066
Also called Edgar Aetheling. Son of Edward the Exile (or Edward Aetheling), son of Edmund II. He was elected king after Harold's death, but his failure to mount any cohesive military response to the Normans brought his 2-month (15 Oct.-10 Dec., 1066) reign to a swift endEdgar II (the Outlaw) 10661066
     
 Norman kings   
     
Duke of Normandy. Second cousin to Edward the Confessor. He defeated Harold at Hastings.William I (the Conqueror) 10661087
3rd son of William I, accidentally killed by arrow while huntingWilliam II (Rufus) 10871100
Youngest son of William IHenry I (Beauclerc) 11001135
Stephen (Count of Blois) was son of Adela, daughter of William IStephen 11351154
     
 House of PlantagenetRegents  
     
Son of Godfrey Plantagenet (Angevin) and Matilda, daughter of Henry I; and father of Richard I and John. Married Eleanor of AquitaineHenry II (Curtmantle) 11541189
Richard was the eldest surviving son of Henry II. William acted as regent during Richard's absences during the Crusades, but his rule was contested by Richard's brother John, who eventually (1191) drove Longchamp from power.Richard I (the Lionheart)William Longchamp11891191
 Richard I (the Lionheart)John (Lackland)11911194
Richard returned from the Crusades to re-take control of the country in 1194Richard I (the Lionheart) 11941199
Youngest son of Henry II. Signed the Magna Carta in 1215John (Lackland) 11991216
The Dauphin of France (and the future Louis VIII of France). He was offered the English throne by rebel barons (Oct. 18-28, 1216)Louis 12161216
Henry was son of John. He acceded at age 9. His first regent, William, was 1st Earl of PembrokeHenry IIIWilliam Marshal12161219
Henry's second regent, Hubert, was 1st Earl of KentHenry IIIHubert de Burgh12191227
 Henry III 12271272
Son of Henry IIIEdward I (Longshanks) 12721307
Eldest surviving son of Edward I. Deposed by ParliamentEdward II 13071327
Edward was the eldest son of Edward II. A regency council was headed by Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster during his minorityEdward IIIHenry Plantagenet13271377
Son of Edward (the Black Prince), son of Edward III. Deposed by ParliamentRichard II 13771399
     
 House of Lancaster   
     
Son of John of Gaunt (Duke of Lancaster), 4th son of Edward III. Chosen by Parliment as successor to Richard IIHenry IV (Bolingbroke) 13991413
Eldest son of Henry IV. Victor of the Battle of AgincourtHenry V 14131422
Henry was the only son of Henry V. His first regent, John (Plantagenet), was Duke of Bedford and 2nd son of Henry IVHenry VIJohn of Lancaster14221435
Henry's second regent, Humphrey, was Duke of Gloucester and youngest son of Henry IVHenry VIHumphrey (Plantagenet)14351437
Henry ruled alone upon reaching the age of majorityHenry VI 14371454
During Henry's incapacity, his cousin Richard, 3rd Duke of York, ruled as regentHenry VIRichard Plantagenet14541456
Henry was deposed by Edward IV (Duke of York) after the defeat of the Lancastrians at Mortimer's CrossHenry VI 14561461
     
 House of York   
     
Son of Richard (Duke of York), son of Richard (Earl of Cambridge), son of Edmund (Duke of York), son of Edward III. He was also the father of Edward V and Elizabeth of York, the wife of Henry VIIEdward IV 14611470
     
 House of Lancaster   
     
Restored to the throne by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick ("Warwick the Kingmaker"). Henry died in the Tower of LondonHenry VI (again) 14701471
     
 House of York   
     
 Edward IV (again) 14711483
Edward was the eldest son of Edward IV. He was murdered in the Tower of London. His regent was his uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later to become Richard III)Edward VRichard (Crookback)14831483
Brother of Edward IV and son of Richard (Duke of York), son of Richard (Earl of Cambridge), son of Edmund (Duke of York), son of Edward IIIRichard III (Crookback) 14831485
     
 House of Tudor   
     
Son of Margaret Beaufort, daughter of John Beaufort (Duke of Somerset), son of John Beaufort (Marquess of Somerset), son of John of Gaunt (Duke of Lancaster), son of Edward III; he was also son of Edmund Tudor (Earl of Richmond), son of Owen Tudor, husband of Catherine (who was the widow of Henry V)Henry VII 14851509
Only surviving son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV. He was also father of Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth IHenry VIII 15091544
July-Sept. 1544 - Catherine Parr was appointed regent by Henry while he was in FranceHenry VIIIQueen Catherine15441544
 Henry VIII 15441547
Edward was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. His first regent was his uncle, Edward, 1st Duke of SomersetEdward VI Edward Seymour15471550
Edward's second regent was John, 1st Duke of Northumberland. Edward named John's daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, as his successorEdward VI John Dudley15501553
Lady Jane Grey, the "Nine Days' Queen" (July 10-19, 1553) was eldest daughter of Henry Grey (Marquess of Dorset) and Lady Frances Brandon. She married Lord Guilford Dudley, son of John Dudley. She was nominated as heir by Edward VI in attempt to secure Protestant succession. Beheaded by Mary for treason, Feb. 1554Queen Jane 15531553
Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of AragonQueen Mary I  15531558
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne BoleynQueen Elizabeth I 15581603
     
 House of Stuart   
     
Son of Mary Queen of Scots, daughter of James V of Scotland, son of Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII; he was also son of Henry Stewart (Lord Darnley), son of Margaret Stewart, daughter of Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VIIJames I 16031625
Only surviving son of James I. BeheadedCharles I 16251649
     
 Commonwealth and Protectorate   
     
Commonwealth (1649-1653) and Protectorate (1653-1658)Oliver Cromwell 16491658
Protectorate. Richard was the 3rd son of OliverRichard Cromwell 16581659
     
 Kings of England   
     
 House of Stuart   
     
Eldest son of Charles I. Had no childrenCharles II 16601685
2nd son of Charles I and father of Mary II and Anne. DeposedJames II 16851689
     
 House of Orange   
     
William (husband of Mary II) was the son of William (Prince of Orange) and Mary (Princess Royal), daughter of Charles I. Mary II was the eldest daughter of James IIWilliam III (of Orange) & Queen Mary II 16891694
Reigned alone after death of Mary II. Until 1698, in William's absence during the Nine Years' War, the kingdom was administered by a council of seven Lord Justices ("Lords Regent")William III 16941702
2nd daughter of James II. Died with no living heirsQueen Anne 17021714
     
 House of Hanover   
     
George was son of Ernest Augustus (Elector of Hanover) and Sophia Wittelsbach, daughter of Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James I. He was proclaimed king under the Act of Settlement. Baron Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield and Lord Chief Justice, was designated regent until George was able to return from Germany (1 Aug.-18 Sept., 1714)George IThomas Parker17141714
 George I 17141727
Only son of George I, married Caroline of BrandenburgGeorge II 17271760
Son of Frederick (Duke of Edinburgh), son of George II, and father of George IV, William IV and Edward (Duke of Kent). Married Charlotte of MecklenburgGeorge III 17601811
Prince George (later George IV) was the eldest son of George III. He acted as Prince Regent during his father's mental illnessGeorge IIIPrince George18111820
Eldest son of George IIIGeorge IV 18201830
3rd son of George III, married Adelaide of Saxe-MeiningenWilliam IV 18301837
Daughter of Edward (Duke of Kent), 4th son of George III. Married (1840) Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became Prince ConsortQueen Victoria 18371901
     
 House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha   
     
Eldest son of Victoria. Married Alexandra, Princess of DenmarkEdward VII 19011910
     
 House of Windsor   
     
2nd son of Edward VII and father of Edward VIII and George VI. Married Princess Mary of TeckGeorge V 19101936
Eldest son of George VEdward VIII 19361936
2nd son of George V, Duke of York; married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-LyonGeorge VI 19361952
Elder daughter of George VIQueen Elizabeth II 1952?

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