British racial origins

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" rowspan="2" width=210 BGCOLOR="#99CC99" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="0408dfc3.jpg"> <div> <B><IMG SRC="383be8f0.jpg" border=0 width="190" height="143" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="387be8f0.jpg" border=0 width="190" height="143" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <bR> <div> <B>Some less-populated parts of rural England</B></div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="389be800.jpg" border=0 width="190" height="128" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="385be8f0.jpg" border=0 width="190" height="143" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> </td> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=140 BGCOLOR="#CCCC99" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="0418dfe1esnpes.jpg"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>Drax, Dracas, Dracass & Drakes</B></FONT><B>     </B><B>|</B><B>     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Drax, Dracas, Dracass Drakes"><U><B>home</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id22.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Research"><U>Research</U></A>   |   <B>British racial origins</B>   |   <A HREF="id53.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="DNA"><U>DNA</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id59.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="My DNA"><U>My DNA</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id57.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="YDNA Project"><U>Y-DNA Project</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id68.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Basques"><U>Basques</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id27.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="When where"><U>When & where</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id58.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Old maps"><U>Old maps</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id28.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Births"><U>Births</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id29.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Marriages"><U>Marriages</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id31.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Deaths"><U>Deaths</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id37.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="In Loving Memory"><U>In Loving Memory</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id26.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Relationships"><U>Relationships</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Trees"><U>Trees</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id64.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Drax"><U>Drax</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id56.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Darfield"><U>Darfield</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id50.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Ellerton, Charborough Olantigh"><U>Ellerton, Charborough & Olantigh</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id61.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Dracas(s)"><U>Dracas(s)</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id43.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Tealby"><U>Tealby</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id42.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Bayons Manor"><U>Bayons Manor</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id47.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Morton Grange"><U>Morton Grange</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id46.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Thurlby Hall"><U>Thurlby Hall</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id48.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Ludford"><U>Ludford</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id40.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Stainton Hall"><U>Stainton Hall</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id45.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Gunthorpe Hall"><U>Gunthorpe Hall</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id18.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Photos"><U>Photos</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id39.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mum"><U>Mum</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id25.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Rick"><U>Rick</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id36.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Jeremy"><U>Jeremy</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id49.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Ian"><U>Ian</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id54.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mark"><U>Mark</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id35.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Martyr"><U>Martyr</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id69.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Waterman"><U>Waterman</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id32.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Sailors life"><U>Sailor's life</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id65.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Worth Matravers"><U>Worth Matravers</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id66.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Woolbridge"><U>Woolbridge</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id51.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="W. 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Modern man <I>Homo Sapiens</I> are thought to have first appeared on the planet in Africa about 170,000 years ago, in the area of Northern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia, and to have migrated across the surface of our world, via Arabia, from about 100,000 years ago. Slight mutations in our genes, caused by environmental issues such as temperature, water, and food over thousands of years, have created the various races around the world, leaving us a DNA trail in local populations with which we can calculate their migratory routes.</div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Times New Roman" >If you are interested in a short history of the evolution of man, and our place in earth's history, the following are brilliant websites: </FONT><A HREF="http://www.telusplanet.net/public/dgarneau/euro1.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.telusplanet.net/public/dgarne"><U><B>telusplanet.net</B></U></A> <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Times New Roman" >& </FONT><A HREF="http://users.hol.gr/~dilos/prehis.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://users.hol.gr/~dilos/prehis.htm"><U><B>users.hol.gr</B></U></A></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <I><IMG SRC="5de8f2c0.jpg" border=0 width="399" height="300" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> <IMG SRC="5e08f2c0.jpg" border=0 width="399" height="300" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <bR> <div> 'Painted Lady' butterflies during summer in Merry England - there were fifteen in this small shrub</div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG SRC="5e28f2c0.jpg" border=0 width="399" height="300" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> <IMG SRC="5e48f2c0.jpg" border=0 width="399" height="300" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <bR> <div> As far as our tribal origins in Britain are concerned, our earliest races came overland from Europe. The peoples of Great Britain are a mixture of many races, and our gene-pool is being added to on a daily basis today. Post Ice-Age occupation of Britain was made by man during the Stone-Age about 15,000BC to 10,000BC as the glacial-maximum ice sheet retreated northwards. These peoples had originally come from the east about 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, and are known as the <I>Cro-Magnons</I>; my own direct male-line ancestors belong to this group. They lived alongside the Neanderthals in the Basque & Solutre regions between France and Spain, where all the Stone-Age cave paintings have since been found. Another group of humans with farming skills followed from the Near East about 15,000 years ago, and mixed with the original groups; they did not replace them. It is interesting to note that domestic dogs, man's best friend, evolved from wolves about 15,000 years ago in the Near East, and that all domestic dogs are anciently descended on their female side from one of three dogs; they apparently came west with the human farmers. As the Ice Sheet retreated it exposed a land-bridge between France and Britain, though rising sea levels eventually made Britain an island about 8,000 years ago and isolated the population here from mainland Europe. More land was lost to the rising seas around Britain's coasts than now remains above water on these islands. Since then, various peoples have come here across the seas, often driven from Europe by invading peoples in their own homelands, and have thus contributed to our gene-pool. Britain eventually became a patchwork of tribal kingdoms, mainly occupied by peoples known as 'the Celts', who began migrating from their homelands in the Upper Rhine and Upper Danube, about 500BC; they settle in France, Spain, Northern Italy and the British Isles. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Celtic settlement of Britain occurred in three main phases: 1) Hallstatt Culture settled about 500-450BC mainly in the southeast and east up to the Yorkshire coast (they brought 'iron age' weapons here, and migrated west to Wales and the West Country over the next 200 years); 2) La Tène settled in the southeast about 250BC (they introduced the light two-horse chariot); Belgae (Belgic Peoples) settled in southern Britain (mainly Hampshire & Berkshire) about 100BC (they were bitter enemies of the Germans & Roman Empire from whom they fled in France). Warfare between the tribes was endemic and ranged from minor cattle-raids to all-out wars between neighbouring kingdoms. The first Romans landed here in 55BC & 54BC, both of these were only 'raids, though they had conquered the king of South Britain and received tributes from him. This was the time of The Druids, and tribes like the Iceni [see list of the other British tribes below]. In 43AD the real invasion and conquest of Britain began and we became part of the Roman Empire. Roman soldiers represented the peoples of all the countries that they had previously conquered; so, some were Gauls, Spanish, Near Eastern, North African, etc., but proportionately few are believed to have been actually born in Rome. Many of the veteran Roman soldiers retired to Rome or their original tribal homelands, but a vast number stayed here with their families and further added to the British gene-pool. The Romans eventually left Britain in 410AD, after 367 years of occupation, leaving a 'power-void' that was too tempting to our European neighbours. Then came the 'Anglo-Saxons', who ruled Britain from the 5th century AD until the Norman Conquest of 1066. Bede identified them as the descendants of three Germanic tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, from the Jutland peninsula and Lower Saxony. The Angles may have come from Angeln, and Bede wrote that their nation came to Britain, leaving their land empty; in other words, this was an entire-population migration to new lands, not just an invasion by a few thousand. They spoke closely related Germanic dialects. The Anglo-Saxons knew themselves as the “Englisc,” from which the word “English” derives. Unlike the Anglo-Saxons, who came over en-mass, the Norman invaders were few and became the ruling classes over the indigenous Anglo-Saxon & Viking populations. Since 1066, numerous groups of immigrants have arrived on these shores and have gradually melded into the modern 'British' population and its gene-pool, only to be changed again by the next influx. How can we 'British' be anything but mixed-race? We can only resort to modern DNA technology to find out what combination of races makes each one of us today. It is interesting to note that you need a minimum of 30% to 35% of your DNA from a particular ethnic group to show any obvious physical features of that race; so, until you get your own DNA checked, you cannot justifiably claim to be of any pure racial origin, no matter what you look like! DNA research is explained further on the [<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Times New Roman" ><A HREF="id53.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="DNA"><U><B>DNA pages</B></U></A></FONT>].</div> <bR> <div> The area now known as Lincolnshire is believed to have been first settled by the Iberians, then the Welsh, then the Belgians. In AD70, when the Romans conquered the area, it was mainly inhabited by the Coritani, who are believed to have been part of the Iceni tribe. After the Romans left is was occupied by the various tribes who were to become the 'English', including Saxons, Jutes, Frisians, Warings, Danes, Bructuars, Burgundians, and Vandals. It became part of the 'Danelaw' (Danelagh) and later 'The Five Boroughs'.</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <I>I vow to thee, my country, all earthly things above,</I></div> <div> <I>Entire and whole and perfect, the service of my love:</I></div> <div> <I>The love that asks no question, the love that stands the test,</I></div> <div> <I>That lays upon the altar the dearest and the best;</I></div> <div> <I>The love that never falters, the love that pays the price,</I></div> <div> <I>The love that makes undaunted the final sacrifice.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>And there's another country, I've heard of long ago,</I></div> <div> <I>Most dear to them that love her, most great to them that know;</I></div> <div> <I>We may not count her armies, we may not see her King;</I></div> <div> <I>Her fortress is a faithful heart, her pride is suffering;</I></div> <div> <I>And soul by soul and silently her shining bounds increase,</I></div> <div> <I>And her ways are ways of gentleness and all her paths are peace.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>I Vow To Thee My Country</I> by Sir Cecil Spring-Rice<I> </I></div> <bR> <div> <U>The Celtic Tribes of the Britain Isles</U>: Ancalites (Hants. and Wilts.); Attacotti (Scotland or Ireland); Atrebates (Hants. & Berks.); Autini (Ireland); Belgae (Wilts. & Hants.; may have been Germanic); Bibroci (Berks.); Brigantes (most of northern England) and in (Ireland); Burnett (Scotland); Caereni (Sutherland?); Caledonii (Great Glen); Cantiaci (Kent); Carnonacae (Western Highlands of Scotland); Carvetii (Cumberland); Cassi (England); Cateni (north and west Sutherland); Catuvellauni (Herts.); Cauci (Ireland); Corieltauvi (Leics.); Coriondi (Ireland); Corionototae (Northumberland); Cornavii (Caithness); Cornovii (Midlands); Cornovii (Cornwall); Creones (Argyll); Damnonii (Strathclyde); Darini (Ireland); Deceangli (Flints.); Decantae (Easter Ross?); Demetae (Dyfed); Dobunni (Gloucs. & north Somerset); Dumnonii (Cornwall, Devon and west Somerset); Durotriges (Dorset & south Somerset); Eblani (Ireland); Epidii (Kintyre); Gangani (Ireland); Gangani (Llyn Peninsula); Herpeditani (Ireland); Horestiani (Fife, Scotland); Iberni (Ireland); Iceni (East Anglia); Lugi (southern Sutherland); Magnate (Ireland); Manapii (Ireland); Novantae (Galloway); Ordovices (Gwynedd); Parisii (East Riding Yorks.); Regini (Sussex); Robogdii (Ireland); Segontiaci (England); Selgovae (upper Tweed basin); Setantii (Lancs.); Silures (Gwent); Smertae (Central Sutherland?); Taexali (Grampian); Trinovantes (Essex); Vacomagi (Cairngorms); Velabri (Ireland); Venicones (Fife, Tayside); Vennicnii (Ireland); Vodie (Ireland); Votadini (Lothian). There are other tribal names and different spellings that have been used by historians in recent history; since most of these peoples left no written record, we must reply on other sources, such as Roman records. We must also remember that the Celtics were not the original occupiers of Britain and there will undoubtedly be traces of other earlier tribes in our collective DNA.</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <I>And did those feet in ancient time</I></div> <div> <I>Walk upon England's mountain green?</I></div> <div> <I>And was the holy Lamb of God</I></div> <div> <I>On England's pleasant pastures seen?</I></div> <div> <I>And did the countenance divine</I></div> <div> <I>Shine forth upon our clouded hills?</I></div> <div> <I>And was Jerusalem builded here</I></div> <div> <I>Among those dark satanic mills?</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>Bring me my bow of burning gold!</I></div> <div> <I>Bring me my arrows of desire!</I></div> <div> <I>Bring me my spear! O clouds, unfold!</I></div> <div> <I>Bring me my chariot of fire!</I></div> <div> <I>I will not cease from mental fight,</I></div> <div> <I>Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand,</I></div> <div> <I>Till we have built Jerusalem</I></div> <div> <I>In England's green and pleasant land.</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>Jerusalem </I>by William Blake (1757-1827)</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Just how long ago was all this</U></B><B>?</B></div> <bR> <div> There are 13 generations in the medieval Drax tree '<B>A</B>' between 1126 and 1497, which is an average of 28.54 years per generation; 13 & 14 generations in trees '<B>B</B>' & '<B>J</B>' between 1600 and 2000, which is 30.77 & 28.57 years per generation; and 9 & 10 generations in tree '<B>D</B>' & '<B>L</B>' 1700-2000, which is 33.33 & 30.00 years per generation, giving an overall average of 30.24 years per generation.</div> <bR> <div> Using this average, though it may not be very accurate during to earlier millennia, it is only:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7014000000000.png" HEIGHT="21" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">360 years, which would be about 11 generations, to the English Civil War</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7014000000000.png" HEIGHT="21" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">855 years, which would be about 28 generations, to Henry II & Geoffrey Drax arrival in England in 1154</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7014000000000.png" HEIGHT="21" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">943 years, which would be about 31 generations, to the Norman Invasion of Britain at The Battle of Hastings in 1066</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7014000000000.png" HEIGHT="21" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">1,000 years, which would be about 33 generations, to the days of the Saxon Ethelred the Unready and the Viking Canute who ruled Britain about this time</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7014000000000.png" HEIGHT="21" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">1,700 to 1,800 years, which would be about 56 to 60 generations, to the beginning of Christianity in Britain</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7014000000000.png" HEIGHT="21" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">1,966 years, which would be about 65 generations, to the Roman Invasion of Britain</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7014000000000.png" HEIGHT="21" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">3,000 years, which would be about 99 generations, to the Bronze Age in Britain</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7014000000000.png" HEIGHT="21" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">4,000 years, which would be about 132 generations to the first settlements in the British Isles by <I>homo sapiens </I>hunter-gatherers</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7014000000000.png" HEIGHT="21" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">12,000 to 15,000 years, which would be about 396 to 495 generations, to the early years of occupation of the British Isles by <I>homo sapiens</I><I> </I>hunter-gatherers</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7014000000000.png" HEIGHT="21" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">40-50,000 years, which would be about 1,320 to 1,650 generations, to the first <I>homo sapiens </I>in Europe the <I>Cro-Magnons</I> </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7014000000000.png" HEIGHT="21" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">100,000 years, which would be about 3,300 generations, to the approximate migration of the first <I>homo sapiens</I> out of Africa</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7014000000000.png" HEIGHT="21" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">170,000 years, which would be about 5,610 generations, to the first <I>homo sapiens</I> in Africa</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>Remember that we all share 99.9% of our DNA; it is that 1/10 of 1% that makes us different.</B></div> <bR> <div> “<I>We may have all come on different ships but we’re in the same boat now.</I>” Martin Luther King, Jr.</div> <bR> <div> One thing is certain about every single human being on the planet who came before us: every one of our ancestors survived the problems associated with being born, childhood diseases, accidents, the plague, human sacrifice, tribal raids, infertility, and genetic problems, to reach sexually mature adulthood and produce at least one child. That alone makes every one of us very special.</div> <bR> <div> All the known races of the world have been genetically proven to be related to the same single male and single female ancestor on their direct male-to-male and direct female-to-female lines.</div> <bR> <div> It's so sad that we don't always get on with each other.</div> <bR> <div> If you are interested in mixed-race issues, there is a support site at: <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Times New Roman" ><A HREF="http://www.mixtogether.org" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.mixtogether.org"><U><B>mixtogether.org</B></U></A></FONT></div> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>