DNA

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" rowspan="2" width=210 BGCOLOR="#99CC99" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="0408dfc3.jpg"> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>DNA</B></div> <div> <B>researching your bloodline</B></div> <div> via</div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.dna-worldwide.com/ancestry-testing/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.dna-worldwide.com/ancestry-te"><U>dna-worldwide.com</U></A></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="38cbe8f0.jpg" border=0 width="190" height="143" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=140 BGCOLOR="#CCCC99" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="0418dfe1esnpes.jpg"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>Drax, Dracas, Dracass & Drakes</B></FONT><B>     </B><B>|</B><B>     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Drax, Dracas, Dracass Drakes"><U><B>home</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id22.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Research"><U>Research</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id60.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="British racial origins"><U>British racial origins</U></A>   |   <B>DNA</B>   |   <A HREF="id59.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="My DNA"><U>My DNA</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id57.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="YDNA Project"><U>Y-DNA Project</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id68.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Basques"><U>Basques</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id27.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="When where"><U>When & where</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id58.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Old maps"><U>Old maps</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id28.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Births"><U>Births</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id29.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Marriages"><U>Marriages</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id31.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Deaths"><U>Deaths</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id37.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="In Loving Memory"><U>In Loving Memory</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id26.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Relationships"><U>Relationships</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Trees"><U>Trees</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id64.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Drax"><U>Drax</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id56.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Darfield"><U>Darfield</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id50.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Ellerton, Charborough Olantigh"><U>Ellerton, Charborough & Olantigh</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id61.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Dracas(s)"><U>Dracas(s)</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id43.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Tealby"><U>Tealby</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id42.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Bayons Manor"><U>Bayons Manor</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id47.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Morton Grange"><U>Morton Grange</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id46.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Thurlby Hall"><U>Thurlby Hall</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id48.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Ludford"><U>Ludford</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id40.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Stainton Hall"><U>Stainton Hall</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id45.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Gunthorpe Hall"><U>Gunthorpe Hall</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id18.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Photos"><U>Photos</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id39.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mum"><U>Mum</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id25.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Rick"><U>Rick</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id36.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Jeremy"><U>Jeremy</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id49.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Ian"><U>Ian</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id54.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mark"><U>Mark</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id35.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Martyr"><U>Martyr</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id69.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Waterman"><U>Waterman</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id32.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Sailors life"><U>Sailor's life</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id65.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Worth Matravers"><U>Worth Matravers</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id66.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Woolbridge"><U>Woolbridge</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id51.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="W. 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I am only giving personal opinions based on what I have read and through my own experience. I accept no responsibility for any actions that you may take based on the content herein</U>. </div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Times New Roman" >If you have any interest at all in this subject and would like to gain some background knowledge for your future DNA reading and research, I really would recommend that you read: </FONT><I><U>The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science that Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry</U></I><U>, by Brian Sykes</U><FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Times New Roman" >, published by W.W. Norton & Company, 2001; it is still easily obtainable via book dealers and Amazon. Even if you only have a passing interest in the evolution of mankind, this book is a must to read; it also covers the investigations into 'The Ice Man' who was discovered frozen in the Alps, the skeleton of the Stone Age 'Cheddar Man', and the remains of the Tsar of Russia and his family. It is a brilliant read.</FONT></div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Times New Roman" >There is another useful book about the evolution of man, but more from the perspective of fossilised 'human' remains (mainly skulls) and other archaeological research, rather than primarily from the DNA viewpoint; it makes an interesting secondary perspective to the subject of human evolution: </FONT><I><U>African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity,</U></I><U> by Christopher Stringer and Robin McKie</U><FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Times New Roman" >, published by Henry Holt & Company, 1996; it is still easily obtainable via book dealers and Amazon, though mostly in 'used' condition.</FONT></div> <bR> <div> Relationships between different branches of your family surname, including all the variations in spelling, might be provable through male-line (i.e. Y-chromosome) genetic research, if enough male volunteers were willing to join such a venture. There are also tests that look at female lines (i.e. Mitochondrial, MtDNA). DNA Worldwide is the DNA laboratory used by the UK TV series '<I>Who Do You Think You Are</I>'; in 2007: <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Times New Roman" ><A HREF="http://www.dna-worldwide.com/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.dna-worldwide.com/"><U><B>dna-worldwide.com</B></U></A></FONT> (select <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Times New Roman" ><A HREF="http://www.dna-worldwide.com/ancestry-testing/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.dna-worldwide.com/ancestry-te"><U><B>Ancestry DNA Testing</B></U></A></FONT>)</div> <bR> <div> Two of their tests are male-line (Y-chromosome) & female-line (Mitochondrial DNA, MtDNA), which can trace your male and female lines back to about 170,000 years ago, and show where those two specific lines of ancestors came from. Only men carry the Y-DNA of their fathers, but both men and women carry the Mt-DNA of their mothers.</div> <bR> <div> There is a second Y-DNA test that is specifically used to prove relationships with people having the same or similar surnames [<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Times New Roman" ><A HREF="id57.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="YDNA Project"><U><B>see Y-DNA Project</B></U></A></FONT>].</div> <bR> <div> If you want to know the overall genetic makeup (i.e. all ancestors) of an individual such as yourself, or your parent, there are other tests available that are designed for that purpose. Please note that each individual, even siblings, will have a different overall genetic makeup; these particular tests are to tell you what ethnic origins make up one individual, regardless of whether they are male or female.</div> <bR> <div> <U>The 'family history' tests available</U>: </div> <bR> <div> 1) <B><U>Y-SNP</U></B> Paternal DNA Ancestry (male) Y-Chromosome DNA. Discover the migration routes your male ancestors took from Africa over 170,000 years ago, with over three times the detail of other Paternal DNA Tests. (i.e. father's father's father & etc.; this test is for <U>men only</U>; so, ladies need to find a willing male relative with their maiden surname) Price: <B><U>£149.95</U></B> (inc. Vat)</div> <bR> <div> 2) <B><U>Y-STR</U></B> Surname Testing (male) Y-chromosome Analysis Report. 43-marker test to prove/disprove if two people with a similar surname are genetically linked. (This test is for <U>men only</U>; so, ladies need to find a willing male relative with their maiden surname; this is not the Y-Chromosome test that shows your migratory route out of Africa, but it can also be used to determine which group your male-line ancestors belong to) Price: <B><U>£149.95</U></B> (inc. Vat)</div> <bR> <div> 3) <B><U>MtDNA</U></B> (Mitochondrial DNA) - Maternal line. (female) Find out your deep maternal ancestry, starting in Africa 170,000 years ago. Discover your present day female ancestry group. (i.e. mother's mother's mother & etc. <U>for both men and women</U>; this is not your X-chromosome, as males have one and females have two that can represent up to five female ancestors, but are Mitochondrial marker's in the nucleus of each body cell that reveal only direct female to female line; men receive this but do not pass it on to their children) Price: <B><U>£149.95</U></B> (inc. Vat)</div> <bR> <div> 4) <B><U>World DNA Population Match</U></B> Your Unique DNA Identity Profile will be created from 16 DNA markers then compared with over 250 present-day population groups, establishing where in the world you and all your <U>more recent</U> ancestors are most likely to have come from (as opposed to racial origins); for example: <I>Bosnian - Byelorussian - Russian - Bangladesh - Andalusians (Spain) - Canadian Caucasians - Albanians (Northern Italy) - RCMP Combined Caucasian - Vietnamese - Podlasie (NE Poland) - Kosovo Albanian - Southern Croatian - Bavarian - Serbian - Polish - North Poland - Balearic (Spain) - Gope (India) - Khandayat (India) - Cantabria, Spain</I>. Unlike the AncestrybyDNA and Euro DNA 1.0 tests, <U>this test does not necessarily reflect your external appearance, ethnicity, nor does it provide migratory routes</U>; however, it may be associated with recognizable family traits, based on present day population groups and ancient world migrations. [<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Times New Roman" >e.g. This test might place my 3% 'Fast Eastern' DNA as being 'Turkish', because of the Mongol invasion of the Ottoman Empire and the large amount of DNA left behind by them in that region; also, any ethnic group that was historically driven out of their homelands, such as the Zoroastrians (who were driven out of Iran by the Iranians, and who now live mostly in India), would come back as Indian, rather than their ethnic DNA status of Arab. In other words it is great for cultural research into your family routes, and should be viewed alongside the other test results.</FONT>] (<U>for both men and women</U>; this test should be seen as a cultural origin rather than an ethnic one) Price: <B><U>£149.95</U></B> (inc. Vat)</div> <bR> <div> If you want to do the maximum amount of DNA research for an individual (or a group), it may be cheaper to do it all in one go, as the laboratory is apparently willing to discuss a discount for bulk orders.</div> <bR> <div> You are unlikely to show any visual signs of ethnic groups that do not represent at least 30-35% of your overall ethnic makeup, so you may get some surprises (as I did - see '<FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Times New Roman" ><A HREF="id59.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="My DNA"><U><B>My DNA</B></U></A></FONT>' page):</div> <bR> <div> These tests involve rubbing two swabs (like large cotton-bud earwipes), for each test (4 swabs for the European breakdown, which takes a lot more work by the laboratory), inside your mouth for 30 seconds and nothing more intrusive. You also need to fill out a small form & envelope, sign and date them, put these in their pre-paid envelope, and pop it in the post. It is easy and painless (apart from the cost). You cannot get better family history proof than DNA, if you are searching for your ethnic origins. Most people that I know, who are 'doing their family history' are hoping to get back as early as they can, and most will get stuck in the mid-1700s due to spelling changes (described elsewhere on my website); few, however, dream of getting back to 1066, and even fewer can actually prove their descent to before the Norman Conquest. DNA offers you a proven origin back 170,000 years; it will not give you romantic names such as 'Eric the Bloodaxe' for your tree (nor '<I>Eric the Viking</I>' as in the film), but it may prove that you are a direct descendant of a Viking.</div> <bR> <div> A man receives a Y-Chromosome from his father & an X-Chromosome from his mother, but only passes on the Y-Chromosome (male-line) to his sons, and neither of them to his daughters (his mother's X-Chromosome is lost when he dies, unless he has a sister, or a sister's daughter). As a result of this, if you want a woman's mother's line, (she doesn't have her father's Y-Chromosome), and all her ancestors, it will be cheaper, but you may still get a discount for buying both tests together. Whatever sex you are, all your lines of ancestry are carried forward, in both males and females, in their Autosomnal DNA, but these will be in different percentages between siblings, hence the different appearances of each individual within the family.</div> <bR> <div> Maybe you have an elderly relative that would be worth testing first, while they are still there to participate and enjoy sharing the results with you.</div> <bR> <div> If you want to get a DNA test for someone who is deceased, any hair samples must have the bulbous root on them (hair clippings are a very poor source and of a limited amount of DNA); it may be easier to use their toothbrush. I understand that both of these methods are possible, but probably rather expensive. However, I do not know if such laboratories will undertake tests other than those taken in the normal way using their test-kits; you will need to check with the DNA-Worldwide laboratory staff at: <B><U>0845 257 1217</U></B>; they are very helpful.</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <U>If you have undertaken any of these DNA tests, and wish to compare our test results, please contact me</U></div> <bR> <div> Please let me know, if you have any experience of DNA testing. I'd be pleased to add any helpful comments to this page.</div> <bR> <div> If you are interested in understanding more about DNA & Genetealogy (Genealogy by DNA) & the various test that can be undertaken using DNA, then I really recommend the following book, which is easy to read and understand starting from the basics; this is a brilliant book and is very 'user-friendly':</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>Trace Your Roots with DNA - Using Genetic Tests to Explore Your Family Tree </B></I><B>by Megan Smolenyak Smolenyak and Ann Turner</B>, published by Rodale in 2004, distributed to the trade by Holtzbrinck Publishers; ISBN: 1-59486-006-8 paperback, 272 pages. On 16.6.2008, it was for sale via <B>Amazon.co.uk</B> at <B>£6.49 new, or used from £2.99</B>.</div> <bR> <div> You may also be interested in the following website: <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Times New Roman" ><A HREF="http://www.easydna.ie/pdfs/ancestry_faqs.pdf" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.easydna.ie/pdfs/ancestry_faqs"><U><B>Understanding your DNA results</B></U></A></FONT></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <U>Please note that I do not have expert knowledge on this subject. I am only giving personal opinions based on what I have read and through </U><U>my own</U><U> experience. I accept no responsibility for any actions that you may take based on the content herein</U>. </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>