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Military Air Operations Planning and Battle Management

1. Key Questions for Air Operations Planners.

http://www.military-airplanner.com/key_questions.htm

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Air planners often find themselves wanting - but not receiving - quick and accurate answers to certain important questions. This is true of those who:

1
  have to decide the types and numbers of aircraft to be procured, the number of crews to be established, whether for a squadron or an entire air fleet;
2
  have to plan and task air operations on whatever scale and for whatever role, and whether for aircraft or helicopters operating from airfields or ships at sea;
3
  need to confirm that planned mission packages can be achieved by the number of aircraft and crews available, or who need to optimise the mission definitions and deployment of aircraft and crews to achieve the greatest operational benefit.
4
  need to know the true mission capability afforded by particular aircraft or fleets, or who need to define future requirements or understand the relationship between aircraft performance, crew capability and mission demands, to determine the most cost effective performance and characteristics & compare these with other aircraft.

(please scroll down to read this page)

More detailed questions, following from those above, daily facing Commanders and planners in the course of air operations, will vary depending upon their function, the level of command and the scenario. The number of possible questions is virtually limitless. However, it is useful to consider some examples such as those you will see if you scroll down to the lower half of this page. Without AIRPLAN on your desktop computer, it is unlikely that you will be able to answer any of the questions listed below, quickly, confidently and accurately.

By using AIRPLAN, however, you could answer them all - and many others. Indeed, you would be able to calculate answers in little longer than it would take you to digest the questions and enter the crew, aircraft and mission data into the AIRPLAN program. Since it is probable that you would already have entered most or all of the crew and aircraft data into the program's database, the entry of the appropriate mission data would not take long. Even in cases where calculations required input data to be varied until the optimum result was obtained, this process could begin as soon as the last input value had been entered. You would simply observe resultant changes to output values until:

  • the number of aircraft, crews and calculated data satisfied the mission requirements exactly or as nearly as possible, or
  • the mission plan had been adjusted and optimised to match the capability of the available aircraft and crews in the most efficient manner possible.

Below, is a sample list of questions typical of those that Air Planners and Aircraft Manufacturers often face but are seldom able to answer quickly and accurately:

(Note: If you would prefer to gain an overall view of AIRPLAN before reading all 28 sample questions, we suggest you now read just the first 4 or 5, then Select Web page: 2. Missions. returning to the Key Questions page after you have seen the remainder of the AIRPLAN Web Site)



1
 

How many VP / LRMP patrols to these 3 different radii could we mount for 14 days with the crews and aircraft at our disposal? What difference would it make if the patrols at 650 miles radius were for only 14 hours a day instead of twenty-four? If we're short of crews or aircraft, what advantage would there be in deploying some of our forces to Base C, and what is the minimum number of aircraft and crews we should deploy?




2
 

How many (Eurofighters / F16s / F22s / F18s) air defence aircraft and how many crews are required to provide six continuous combat air patrols (CAP) at these locations for 14 days assuming the overall flying rate is reduced by 50% for the subsequent 14 days? How many (KC10 / KC135 / VC10K4 / Airbus A310) tankers and crews operating from Base 'T' will ideally be needed to support them? How many sorties, flight hours and approximately how much fuel will these operations consume?




3
 

Do we have enough aircraft and crews to sustain this multi-mission air campaign for 6 days? If we do, what additional missions could we task using any assets that are surplus? Quickly produce flight schedules based on the 6-day plan or a modified one (including crew briefing times, takeoff times, ToTs and estimated landing times)? Assume the operation starts tomorrow at 0600Zulu.






4
 

Naval Task Group TG123 requires maximum air cover for the next 72 hours using fixed and rotary wing aircraft from the Carrier, and helicopters from the other ships in the TG. Taking into account their availability, can the TG's helicopter force provide two continuous ASW patrols at 25 miles radius from the force, an AEW patrol at 50 miles, and can their fixed wing air defence aircraft support a continuous 2-unit CAP at 100 miles radius with the available aircraft and crews? Do they have enough crews to make full use of all available aircraft? Do we require additional land-based air support? If so, what additional help could we provide using known uncommitted land-based air assets within range of the TG during this period?




5
 

Is the present crew establishment and strength of each of our squadrons adequate and optimum? If not, what crew-to-aircraft ratios should we aim to establish, and what is the justification? Would this increase our air force's sustainable sortie capability? If so, by what percentage? Could we adjust the number of established aircraft, retain the same number of crews, maintain the maximum sortie rate per day and reduce fleet life cycle costs? Also, what would we have to do to increase our present sortie generation potential without increasing the overall Fleet Life Cycle Costs over the next ten years?




6
 

We need, if possible, to mount multiple missions for the next six days to these four locations. How many separate missions could we mount assuming 4 aircraft in each wave? Could we mount these missions at irregular intervals not less than two hours between each? What is the minimum number of aircraft and crews this would require assuming we have to fly at approximately the same daily rate for the next 28 days?






7
 

We need to be able to perform these concurrent patrol missions from one or other of these two bases to fulfil our primary objectives. What is the minimum number of aircraft and crews we require to carry out these missions for the stipulated period, at maximum intensive rates? We should assume that after 14 days the missions will change and the overall flying rate will reduce by 50%. Will present crew or aircraft availability limit us in any way? If there are shortages, what mission solutions do you propose that would be achievable and make efficient use of available aircraft and crews?




8
 

If we increase the planned time spent by each aircraft and crew at its patrol radius or in the target area by 'x' minutes, and/or we reduce the radius of action by 'y' miles by forward basing, what effect is this going to have on the number of aircraft and crews required, and fleet productivity? If we were to request our Allies to fly every alternate mission and they remain on task for 6 hours, how will this improve our overall air presence in the operational area? If they fly from Base 'K', how many aircraft will they require?




9
 

If we were to redeploy some or all of our aircraft from airbase 'A' to one or more of the airbases at 'B' and 'C', or if we were to move Carrier Task Group 123 from its present position to this general area, how many more missions would it be possible to mount and sustain for 7 days?






10
 

The battle situation has changed completely in the last few hours and it would clearly be wrong to continue with our present mission plans. How can we quickly rearrange our plan to make maximum use of available air assets to combat the new threats that have developed? How many reinforcement crews and aircraft, if any, shall we need? If we continue to lose aircraft and crews at the present rate, what might be our strength in four days time? What missions would we then be able to fly with these reduced numbers?




11
 

If we can call on air refuelling tankers to support some or all of these planned missions, which CAPs should definitely be given AAR support and what numerical advantage would that provide? Where should we base the tankers, where should the towlines be, and how many tankers and crews will we then need to support planned operations, adequately?




12
 

Since we know that these high priority missions and these scenarios for our various roles (air defence, maritime patrol, reconnaissance, etc.) are typical of those required to meet our defined national defence commitments, how many aircraft of each type should we procure or retain in the force, and how many crews should we establish to have a high degree of assurance that we will be able to fulfil these missions at the required rates for at least 28 days taking into account the predicted attrition rates? In which roles and missions could we consider tasking crews to fly two consecutive sorties, back-to-back, between each rest period. What benefit would this have, if any?






13
 

These are the numbers of combat ready aircraft and crews that the detachment/squadron commanders report will be available, daily, for the next three days. Naval forces patrolling in this area require maximum AD cover, and Ground Forces have stated a need for maximum support from the air in this area. What are the maximum rates of air defence and offensive support effort our squadrons/detachments can contribute during this period assuming we provide two 24 Hours/day CAPs to naval forces, and that OS missions in support of the ground forces are concentrated in this general area? What mission plan could we be reasonably confident of fulfilling with the available forces?




14
 

How can we find out what operational advantage there would be if we were to increase the range performance/average availability/cruise speed etc. of this aircraft type by 10%, or alternatively by 15%? How would it affect the number of aircraft and crews required to meet the stated mission requirements? What would the effect be upon fleet productivity and fleet life cycle costs?




15
 

Quickly draw up sortie schedules, showing all the relevant dates and times, to check that the timings are satisfactory, and also to co-ordinate these missions with others? How many crews will be required to cover each patrol or target complex? Quantify the benefit if some or all were flown as back-to-back missions?






16
 

If we have to airlift 14,000 tonnes to destination 'X', and meet our existing daily airlift commitments to destinations 'P' and 'Q', what are the maximum sortie rates and optimum sortie intervals that could be maintained by the aircraft and crews we have at our disposal? How many slip crews will be required? How many crews and aircraft would be needed in order to have delivered the last load within 'T' days assuming aircraft average 13 tonnes per sortie? By what date and time will we have delivered 10,000 tons at 'X' if the airlift starts at 0600Z on 3 March?




17
 

On the airlift in Question 16, how long will it take to deploy 'Y' tonnes of cargo to point 'X' assuming the average payload to per sortie is 23 tonnes and the average transit speed is increased from 325 knots, to 410 knots? Assuming the first sortie takes off at 0600Z on 3 March, how many tonnes will we have delivered by midnight on 14th March and when will the last load be delivered?




18
 

If we adjust crew establishments to make more efficient use of available aircraft, how many hours a month would aircraft have to fly to provide crews with the required minimum number of live continuation training flying hours, and how many flight simulators and crew trainers would we then require? We should assume that simulators will be available to crews 12 hours a day, 6 days a week.






19
 

How many waves of 8 ground attack missions to these three targets, with a minimum interval of one-hour between each wave for a total 6 consecutive days, could we mount with the aircraft and crews at our disposal? If there is a 1.5% probability of attrition per sortie, statistically how many aircraft and crews might we expect to lose over 6 days, how many sorties might not be completed successfully, and what options would we have to modify the mission plan to maximise our effort with remaining resources? What would be the effect if attrition was 3.5%?




20
 

Will the present mission plan result in crews being over-tasked? If the plan is too ambitious and we are unable to obtain sufficient crew reinforcements, how can we best adjust the plan and sortie schedules to maximise our over-target air effort yet keep it within the capability of our forces? What crew duty and crew rest periods will they have for each or these missions? If we reduce the normal rest time from 12 hours to 10 or even 8 hours, what increase in sortie generation capability would this bring about?




21
 

How many air defence fighters and crews will we need to deploy to Base 'X' to mount continuous Combat Air Patrols in these 2 locations for 7 days? We should assume that for the following 21 days they'll be operating at 50% maximum effort? If we position AEW aircraft in these two locations, how many AEW aircraft and crews will we have to commit to the operation? What fuel stocks or daily replenishment rates will be required?






22
 

If we implement this multiple mission plan for the next five days, how many aircraft, on average, will be on turnaround or not in use at base (or on board ship) during the operation?




23
 

How many tankers and tanker crews will it require to support three towlines at a radius of 450 miles if the tankers have to provide this level of support for 14 days before reducing the number of towlines to one for the subsequent 14 days? Make some reasonable assumptions about the sortie durations that might occur and show the range of possible answers.




24
 

Assuming we employ these aircraft as planned, approximately how much fuel will we need at each airbase over the course of the operation to satisfy our sortie requirements? If this reveals a shortfall in fuel, what options could we consider to optimise our missions while keeping fuel consumption within available stock levels? When is fuel likely to run out if we do nothing to reduce consumption and are unable to increase stocks?






25
 

Given that nations have committed certain specified numbers of flight hours to this training exercise, what alternative mission plans should we consider in order to gain maximum benefit from this training? We should aim to fully utilise but not exceed the allotted number of flight hours/sorties.




26
 

If we buy a new fleet of six type 'A' airlifters for the primary purpose of airlifting 'X' Force to point 'B', a total of 'T' tonnes of cargo, how many days will this take if the average payload mass per sortie is 46 tonnes? What is the minimum number of crews (including Slip crews) we would need to support this fleet efficiently? Assume an attrition rate 0.25%, that one of the aircraft will be on deep maintenance and unrecoverable in less than 7 days, and that the serviceability rate of the remaining aircraft is 90%.




27
 

What if we were to buy forty type 'B' or type 'C' airlifters instead? If these aircraft average 13 tonnes and 27 tonnes payload, respectively, how many of each would we need, and how many crews would be required to meet the required deployment time scale of 14 days? Which of these three fleets is the most cost-effective? What effect does the difference in cruise speed between these three aircraft types have upon the fleet size and the numbers of crews required?






28
  If we have to airdrop 100 one-ton containers a day to resupply our forces deployed near 'Q', and we sustain a sortie attrition rate of between 0.5% and 2% what losses might we expect after 6 days? How could this affect our ability to continue with our other missions. Would there be any advantage in using Type A, B or C airlifters.



Whether working as a Staff Officer within a Ministry of Defence or a Defense Department, or in a Squadron or Base Operations Room or a larger Air Operations Command Centre, or serving on an Aircraft Carrier or a helicopter-carrying warship, it would almost certainly be impossible to calculate accurate answers to the above questions, quickly. Without this information, the accuracy and effectiveness of air campaign and fleet planning will be impaired. On the other hand, with AIRPLAN on your Desktop or Laptop computer, you will be able to calculate accurate answers within minutes.

Please now Select 2. Missions to find out about the types of missions AIRPLAN covers. Other pages you should then look at are on the menu, below.

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