The Classical use of Sound and Editing in the Closing Sequence of The Lavender Hill Mob
In the Classical style Sound and Editing along
with all other components of a film have the sole objective of establishing
the story as the basis of the film. All other considerations are secondary
to this objective. As such editing must be transparent and in no way intrusive
leading the audience naturally along the normally linear plot. In editing
the various means of moving from one shot to another (e.g. cut, dissolve,
wipe) form a specific grammar to which an audience respond in a specific
manner. Sound in a classical film must again not intrude into the
plot, hence dialogue is given consideration over diegetic sound effects,
which in turn is given consideration over a non-diegetic soundtrack. At
all points the sound must reflect the visual image presented, dialogue
must accurately reflect the actions within the scene, sound effects must
be appropriate to the scene and music (both diegetic and non-diegetic)
must follow the mood of the scene.
The Lavender Hill Mob was one of a series of classic
comedies made by Ealing Studios at the peak of its success. It was extremely
successful both within the U.K. and abroad and gained an Oscar for best
screenplay. As in all the Ealing comedies of this period the story is paramount
and it is rare for any of the films to give any expression to the use of
the medium of cinema beyond this.
The closing ten minute sequence of The Lavender
Hill Mob consists basically of two chase sequences firstly on foot and
then on four wheels. These two sequences are quite distinct although throughout
both sequences the classical uses of editing and sound are epitomised.
The chase starts with a rapid series of classic
chase cuts, where a cut is made from the protagonists being chased through
a certain location to those doing the chasing through the same location
viewed at the same camera angles. Thus the audience is given an impression
of pace with the rapidity with which one cut follows another and a sense
of how close the chasers and the chased are in relation to one another.
This can also be considered as an extension to the classical ‘180°
rule’. The important consideration in both cases being that the audience
perspective of the action is not disturbed from one shot to the next.
The intial phase of the chase in fact contains
15 cuts in a 30 second time period, following the above scheme of flicking
quickly from the chased to the chaser and back again. This reflects the
natural human reaction to dealing with two points of interest, where the
eyes would move swiftly back and forth between the two. As such the rapid
number of cuts is not an impingement on the audience’s sensibilities.
This initial phase also contains the only non-diegetic
music in the sequence. The music is a fast paced piano piece aptly suited
to the initial phase of the chase. The diegetic sound consists of general
sound effects representing the crowd amassed in the hall, and small snatches
of dialogue both from the characters and from an omnipresent tannoy system.
The dialogue here gives very little impact and is at a quite low volume
in comparison with the general background noise. Thus the audience attention
is concentrated on the movements and the action of the chase.
The second sequence of the chase involving various
vehicles is considerably more complex. It starts with an establishing shot
of the array of police cars of which Holland and Pendlebury are seen to
steal one and speed of into the distance. This is quickly followed by two
similar shots of the rest of the police vehicles being started and driven
off in pursuit. This reflects the previous chase sequence but from here
the style of the chase is changed.
In the initial chase sequence there were essentially
two groups of protagonists, but in this secondary sequence the complexity
is increased as the total number of vehicles involved throughout the sequence
rises to eight, in a comic farce at the police’s expense.
A powerful combination of sound and editing is
used to guide the audience through the events in this complex scenario,
at each stage firmly establishing where each protagonist is located, what
they are doing and why they are doing it.
Sound links are used throughout this sequence
as a means to introduce each new aspect. The first use of this technique
is to introduce the police control room ‘M2GW’. A radio message is sent
from the police college control room to the police headquarters and a cut
is made half way through the message so the audience perceives the initial
half from the point of view of the message sender and the latter half from
that of the message receiver. Thus the audience is relocated from one location
to another in a simple cut. By identifying the new location using the sound
link the need for an establishing shot is removed. The sound link is similar
to a sound bridge but at each stage the sound is diegetic as opposed to
leaking from one scene into another as non-diegetic sound.
This pattern is repeated in introducing each new
police vehicle as well. Thus the first shot we see of cars U5 and U6 is
an interior shot of the vehicle in each case featuring two officers, then
an exterior shot of the car travelling along the road. This is technically
a non-classical approach, as usually an establishing shot would be used
to introduce a new aspect. For example classically a police vehicle would
be introduced into the chase by showing an exterior shot of the police
vehicle, either parked or travelling on the road, followed by an interior
shot of the occupant or occupants responding to a call to the chase, as
exemplified in dozens of Hollywood chases such as in ‘The Cannonball Run’
or ‘Convoy’. By using the sound link technique Crichton manages to
basically remove the classical establishing shots from the sequence and
thus increase the pace of the chase scene. The only point at which this
technique is not used is when the country driver driven convertible is
introduced, here the more classical establishing shot of the car being
driven along the road is used followed by the interior shot of the country
farmer tuning his radio. Note that Crichton although subverting the classical
technique somewhat in removing establishing shots has only classical ends
in mind, i.e. to quicken the pace and involve the audience more within
the chase scene. Crichton reinforces the audience view of the chase
by his extended use of the 180° rule. For each car the interior view
of the car is always matched with its direction of travel when viewed from
a distance. The only exception to this is when vehicles are viewed either
face on or from the rear. For example Holland and Pendlebury’s car interior
is always viewed from the passenger side in interior shots and when moving
laterally across the screen it is always from right to left.
This technique is classically combined with cross-cutting
in the crash sequence where initially two vehicles U5 and U6 are introduced
via sound links from the control room, U5 facing from left to right and
U6 from right to left. The next series of shots cut between the two vehicles
travelling in opposite directions. This strong use of cross-cutting tied
with the commentary from the control room (e.g. “U5 travelling West along
Junction Road, intercept at Portabello Road”, “U6 travelling East along
Junction Road, intercept at Portabello Road”), leaves the audience in no
doubt as to the impending crash. In fact the crash is never actually shown
but is imprinted on the audience by this sequence of shots and a post crash
shot of entangled metal.
A similar technique is used to introduce two more
vehicles into the pile-up.
From this point the cuts come less frequently
as the chase slows down to its conclusion. As Holland makes his escape
from the police, the next scene is introduced using a long slow (15 seconds)
sound bridge, of music diegetic to the next scene. A dissolve is used to
transport the audience 6000 miles and twelve months into the future as
we see Holland telling the tale we have just seen in flashback.
At this point the entire pace of the chase sequence
is lost as the final scene contains a single cut and is a minute long.
A light Latin-American soundtrack is diegetically played in the background,
as the film returns to its initial setting and Todorov stability.
Overall in the final sequence of the film, Crichton
uses sound and editing in a powerful combination and generally classical
manner to provide the audience with a thrilling chase in which the audience
is never lost, and yet the pace is never slowed. Even in his use of non-classical
editing techniques the overall objective of using cinema to tell a story
is never lost. By a clever use of commentary dialogue and tight editing
Crichton manages to bring to the screen a classic chase sequence.