Gilo Grammar 5

Nouns

5 Nouns

5.1 General Rules & Kinds of Noun

Most (but not all) root words are root nouns. These may be:

Proper nouns (names of people or places etc)

Tom, London etc

Proper nouns remain unchanged from their original language but due to the Gilo alphabet, the spelling is always phonetic. Words for countries, people’s names, place names and currencies are always the native language names for those items, using phonetic Gilo spelling. E.g. Moscow will be pronounced as it is in Russian, Moskva. Similarly for Paris and Rome etc.

Moscow, Paris, Rome	Moskva, Pari, Roma.
Common nouns (things)	dog, bed, book etc
Abstract nouns	happiness, ownership etc

5.1.2 Affixes can be added to any word:

· dog, pack of dogs	kanis, kanisag	(ag - suffix meaning 'group of')
· happiness, a happy man	hap, peil hapa	(a - adjective suffix)
· unhappiness	ophap	(op - prefix meaning 'opposite of')
· typing, typist, female typist	tip, tipãr, tipãrel	(ãr – suffix meaning professional)

5.1.3 In some cases the root word may be a preposition or verb root, in which case the suffix 'o' is required to turn it into a noun.

· during, duration	dur, duro
· to go (travel), a journey	j, jo

5.1.4 A noun can function as:

The subject of a verb:	Tom arrived	Tom finjoz
The object of a verb:	I saw Tom	me soz Tom
The object of a preposition	I spoke to Tom	me poz u Tom
(i.e. indirect object of a sentence)
The possessive case	Tom's books	buki ov Tom

5.2 Plurals

Add suffix 'i' to the word. If the noun is already clearly plural (e.g. with a preceding number) then the 'i' can be omitted.

· book, books	buk, buki
· Father, two Fathers	pãril, du pãril

5.3 Pronouns

I, me	me	we (not incl. you)	mi
		we (including you)	wi
you(single)	yu	you(plural)	yi
he	il	they(male)	ili
she	el	they(female)	eli
he/she	ul	they (people)	uli
it	ol	they (not people)	oli
		they	li
reflexive/self	su	themselves	su(i)

(Refers to previous subject noun or pronoun)

Examples:

· We drank our beer and you drank your tea	mi ikoz bir ovmi w yi ikoz cã ovyi
· We drank our beer and you drank your tea	mi ikoz bir miva w yi ikoz cã yiva
Note: ovmi & miva have identical meanings, see 6.3
· They say that you are unhappy	uli (pe) cez fi yu bez ophapa
· He saw himself in the mirror	il soz su in mirør
· Tom gave Peter his drink (Tom's drink)	Tom ogoz ik ovsu u Piter
· Tom gave Peter his drink (Peter's drink)	Tom ogoz ik ovil u Piter
· Peter was given his drink by Tom (Peter's drink)	Piter adugoz ik ovsu ad Tom
· Peter was given his drink by Tom (Tom's drink)	Piter adugoz ik ovil ad Tom

5.4 Noun Affixes

Virtually any words can be merged to form new compound words.

Type :- N = Noun: s = suffix: p = prefix:

Affix	Type and Meaning	Gilo
ãr	Ns, profession of root
	art, artist, type, typist	ãt, ãtãr, tip, tipãr
øk	Ns, effect, result, outcome of root
	safety, preservation	saf, saføk
ør	Ns, tool
	cut, knife, lock, key	kut, kutør, lok, lokør
a	Ns, of, made from, quality, adjective
	redness, red car	red, kãr reda
ag	Ns, assemblage, grouping
	ship, convoy	xip, xipag
	cattle, herd	bovis, bovisag
as	Ns, place, site, point
	film (movie), cinema	muv, muvas
at	Ns, fraction, part
	two, half; ten, tenth, snow, snowflake	du, duat, ax, axat, sno, snoat
be	Np, badness
	breeding, ill-breeding	brid, bebrid
cu	Np, child/offspring
	son, daughter	cuil, cuel
el	Ns, she, her, female
	woman, sportswoman	peel, spøtel
em	Ns, largeness in size
	house, mansion	hus, husem
et	Ns, diminutive in size
	house, cottage	hus, huset
ex	Ns, character, quality, tone
	friend, friendship	fren, frenex
fe	Ns, frequency, occasion
	two, twice, again	du, dufe, wufe
fu	Ns, plenitude, fullness
	water, flooded	wøt, wøtfua
id	Ns, action resulting from
	separateness, separation/parting	sep, sepid
ij	Np, remoteness in past time
	primitive man	ijpe
il	Ns, he, him, male
	man, male artist	peil, artãril
je	Ns, quantity of, amount of
	cup, cupful	kep, kepje
ju	Ns, young
	dog, puppy	kanis, kanisju
kø	Ns, cause
	disease, infection	zis, ziskø
oc	Ns, inferiority
	bungling typist	tipãroc
od	Ns, product of the root
	wool, woollens	wul, wulod
	cattle, beef	bovis, bovisod
	wit, witticism	wit, witod
	paint, painting	pent, pentod
op	Np, opposite
	propulsion, recoil	pus, oppus
ox	Ns, doctrine, study of
	Catholicism, aeronautics	katolikox, flitox
oz	Np/s, former, previous; past tense
	former (ex) husband, ex-wife	oznupil, oznupel
	I went, I ran	me joz, me rãnoz
pe	Ns, person
	villager	viletpe
	rich, rich person,	ric, ricpe
po	Ns, speech, language
	English, German	englandpo, doicpo
ti	Ns, object, thing
	height, high structure	het, hetti
	trade, merchandise	trid, tridti
te	Ns, time
	leisure, holiday	les, leste
uc	Ns, wickedness, depravity
	scoundrel, slut	peiluc, peeluc
us	Ns, receptacle, container
	money, purse	kax, kaxus
uz	Np/s, intended, future; future tense
	wife, fiancée	nupel, uznupel
	I will go, I will run	me juz, me rãnuz

5.5 Compound Words

Normally a 'headword' will always precedes any words which qualify it. However in the case of compound words, the root words are usually of equal importance. Generally the 'tangible' noun root will come last, since it is often qualifying the preceding word e.g.

olive oil, red oil

øl oliva, øl reda

In the above 'olive' and 'red' qualify the word 'oil'.

However if we consider : baby oil, engine oil, cooking oil then the grammatical meaning is quite different. The word 'oil' is qualifying the words baby, engine and cooking, i.e. an oil for the purpose of applying to babies, for the purpose of adding to engines and for the purpose of cooking.

In Gilo they are not translated as øl ~~baba,~~ øl ~~mota,~~ øl ~~kuka~~ but instead made into compound words babøl, motøl, kukøl. This then enables the new compound words to be qualified themselves in the normal way e.g.

expensive baby oil	babøl prisoma
red engine oil	motøl reda
hot cooking oil	kukøl hitoma

Examples of compound words

· Love, a lover, a loved one	lov, lovpe, adlovpe
· To buy, buyer, past buyer, future buyer	utridiz, utridãr, ozutridãr, uzutridãr
· Selling, seller, future seller	otrid, otridãr, uzotridãr
· Day, month, Wednesday, May	di, mon, ditri, monfiv
· Perimeter, to surround, surroundings	rim, rimiz, rimas
· The horribly red car	kãr, reda oppexa
(the car painted a horrible red)	or kãr oppexreda

5.6 Gender & Family

A root noun will can have the suffix 'il' or 'el' to denote male or female and 'cu' (child/offspring) or 'ju' (young)' as appropriate. 'pe' denotes a person of either sex.

· Cattle, bull, cow, cows, calf	bovisi, bovisil, bovisel, boviseli, bovisju
· Boy, girl, child (youngster)	juil, juel, jupe
· Parent, parents, father, mother, mothers	pãr, pãri, pãril, pãrel, pãreli
· Uncle, aunts, cousins (male/female etc)	onkil, onkeli, kosi (kosil, kosel etc)
· Brother, sisters, children, sons, daughters	sibil, sibeli, cui, cuili, cueli
· Marriage, spouse, husband, wife	nup, nuppe, nupil, nupel
· father-in-law, stepdaughter	nuppãril, nupcuel
· grandfather, great-grandfather	pãrpãril, ijpãrpãril
· grandson, great-grandson	cucuil, ijcucuil
· I got married last week	me adnupoz ozwik
· This is my brother-in-law	xe bez nupsibil mea

Top	Last revised: 14 October 2006

Gilo - International Auxiliary Language

If you would like to contribute to the continuing development

of Gilo, please contact me at alangiles@gilo.org